LEC 2: Reproductive and Sexual Health

root, body (shaft), glans

What are the parts of the penis?

bundle of blood vessels in the nerves to support the penis

What do you see in the root of the penis?

prepuce

What is another name for the “foreskin”?

external urethral meatus

What is the opening from the male urethra?

innermost portion of the body body (shaft) where the urine and the semen travels through, coming out of the penis

What is the urethra and what occurs there?

corpus cavernosa, corpus spongiosum

What is the erectile tissue surrounding the penis called? What is it inside of?

scrotum

What houses the testes?

testosterone (the primary male sex hormone)

What are the testes responsible for?

bringing sperm to maturity

What is the job of the epididymis?

vas deferens, seminal vesicle

from the epididymis, sperm travels up through the ____ and it meets with the fluid produced by the ____

provides sperm the source of energy and houses sperm’s motility or ability to move

What does fructose do for the sperm?

ejaculatory duct, prostate gland

from the seminal vesicle, the fluid fuses within the ____ wherein it combines with the fluid produced by the ____

more basic, the fluid lessens the acidity of the urethra

Is the fluid produced by the Cowper’s Gland or the Bulubourethral Gland more acidic or basic?

12-20 days

How long does it take for the sperm to travel from the testes to epididymis?

65-75 days

How long does it take for the sperm to mature?

endocrine gland

What is the hormonal component that affects the male reproductive system?

testes, epidydymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral gland

What is the route of the sperm?

mons pubis

Where does the appearance of secondary female sex characteristics initially occur?

superior portion beneath the mons pubis

Where is the “clitoris” located?

urethral orifice

Where should the Foley catheter be inserted?

posterior structure where labia minora meets. this is important because this tears apart during vaginal delivery or where doctors surgically makes an incision or episiotomy to increase passageway of the fetus

What is the fourchette? Why is it important?

thin piece of mucosal tissue that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening

What is the hymen?

occurs when hymen can’t be perforated; this is the accumulation of blood in the vagina and uterus, especially during menstruation

When does hematocolpoometra occur? What is it?

hymnectomy

What intervention is done when hematocolpometra occurs?

port of entry from the external structures to the internal

What is the vaginal canal?

external os, internal os

What is the cervix divided into?

important in keeping pregnancy intact all throughout the 9 months of gestation

Why is the cervix important in pregnancy?

endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

What are the walls of the uterus?

inner lining; sheds off the cervical canal and out of the vagina during menstruation

What is the endometrium?

contraction of the uterus during labor and delivery

What is the myometrium?

outer layer (body of the uterus)

What is the perimetrium?

landmark that gives the information about fetal growth

What is the importance of the fundus of the uterus relating to pregnancy?

isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum

What are the parts of the fallopian tube?

narrowest part (tubal ligation)

What is the isthmus?

fertilization occurs, sperm and egg meets

What happens at the ampulla?

holds ciliated finger-like projections which capture the ovum from the ovary

What is the purpose of the infundibulum?

fibriae

What is another name for the finger-like projections held by the infundibulum?

oogenesis - production of egg cells

What occurs in the ovary?

(1) round, (2) broad, (3) ovarian, (4) cardinal, (5) uterosacral

What are the different ligaments maintaining the uterus?

remnant of the gubernaculum extending from uterine horns to the labia majora via inguinal canal

What is the “round ligament”?

double layer of peritoneum attaching sides of uterus to pelvis. it acts as a mesentery of the uterus, and contributes in maintaining the position of it

What is the “broad ligament” and what does it do?

holds the ovary

What does the “ovarian ligament” do?

located at the base of broad ligament. it extends from the cervix to the lateral pubic walls, and contains the uterine artery and vein in addition to providing support to the uterus

What is the “cardinal ligament” and what does it do?

extends from cervix to sacrum, and provides support to the uterus

What is the “uterosacral ligament” and what does it do?

day 0

What is the beginning of the ovarian cycle called?

day 28

When does the ovarian cycle end?

15-20 primordial follicles begin maturation, making their way to ovulation

What happens at the beginning of the ovarian cycle?

when the other follicles degenerate along the way to ovulation, turning them into atretic follicles

What is atresia?

early primary follicles

What is the term for the primordial follicles that survived the first step of the ovarian cycle?

squamous, cuboidal

Early primary follicles change from ____ cells to ____ cells

granulosa cells (entire structure of cells is called stratum granulosum)

What is formed when the follicular cells proliferate and form a row of cells?

glycoproteins; zona pellucida (transparent zone) which plays an important role in fertilization

What do the granulosa calls and oocyte begin to secrete? What does it form?

this makes it difficult for the oocyte to receive its nutrients

What is the significance of the Zona Pellucida separating the oocyte from its surrounding granulosa cells?

granulosa cells send “finger-like” processes through the zona pellucida to reach the oocyte and feed it

How is the oocyte “fed”?

Stromal Cells: these cells are part of the connective tissue of the ovary

What are the changes in the cell surrounding the follicle called?

Theca Folliceculi (these features characterize the late primary follicle)

What is the layer formed when stromal cells begin to organize themselves around the follicle called?

proliferate, enlarge

as the ovarian cycle continues, the granulosa cells also continue to ____ and ____ the follicle

Antrum

What is the vesicle in which granulosa cells begin to secrete fluids into called?

Theca Interna - highly vascularized to supply follicles with nutrients, secretes hormones vs Theca Externa - contracts (important in ovulation)

What are the 2 layers of the Theca Folliculi and how can they be differentiated?

oocyte completes meiosis I, enters meiosis II, and is arrested at metaphase II; secondary oocyte

What happens at the end of the secondary follicular stage? What is the oocyte known as at the end of these changes?

almost all

The secondary oocyte gets ____ ____ the cytoplasm

has nothing, tiny, no function, and will degenerate & disappear

What is the significance of the polar body as it relates to the secondary oocyte?

the granulosum cells continue to secrete fluid causing the antrum to grow

What is the significance of an enlarged antrum?

the follicle after meiosis I and before ovulation

What is the graafian/dominant follicle?

the structure of cells that surrounds the floating oocyte

What is the corona radiata?

tentacle-like that helps the oocyte out of the ovary

What is the fimbria?

14

Ovulation occurs at ____ days in a 28 day cycle.

persists, growing bigger to support the embryo

Fertilization and Implantation = Corpus Luteum ____

degenerates, becoming a structure called corpus albicans

No Fertilization = Corpus Luteum ____

corpus luteum or yellow body

What structure do lutein cells form?

maintenance of the growing emrbyo and the uterus

What is the significance of the corpeus luteum?

the process of formation of female gametes; begins inside the fetus before birth

What is oogenesis and when does it occur?