AP PSYC 2B

Explicit Memory

memories you can more easily describe to someone

Episodic memory

events that happened; “episodes” in your life

Implicit Memory

memories formed + recalled unconsciously

Procedural memory

skills like driving or riding a bike; “muscle memory”

Prospective Memory

remembering to do something (ex. tasks like locking the door)

Autobiographical Memory

remembering things about your own life

Levels of Processing Model

encoding —> storage —> retrieval (Automatic - familiar stimuli in their space, time, and frequency, and Effortful Processing - rehearsal boosts memory (to a point)),

Maintenance rehearsal

temple repetition (not effective)

elaboration rehearsal

connecting to existing knowledge (effective)

Working memory

can only remember ~7 things at once

Long-Term Memory

unlimited

Chunking

grouping info into meaningful “chunks,” categories, or hierarchies

The Spacing Effect (distributed - over time - vs massed practice - all at once)

encoding info OVER TIME is more effective than all at once

Serial Position Effect

we best remember in for encoded first (primary effect) and last (regency effect)

Long-Term Potentiation

new neural connections form when new memories are created (ex - slugs that were experimented on)

Recall

being able to know something with NO CUES (FRQ)

Recognition

knowing something is right because you are given a cue (MCQ)

Context-Dependent Memory

able to recall info better in the same environment/space you encoded it

Mood-Congruent Memory

If you are in the same mood as when you encoded the info, it will be easier to retrieve

State-Dependent Memory

recalling is easier when in the same mental or physical state as when learned info

Testing Effect

frequency (daily) testing helps the ability to remember the info learned

Proactive Interference

new info interferes with the ability to retrieve old info

Retroactive Interference

old info interferes with the ability to retrieve new info

Repression

brain blocks out memories we don’t want → trauma

Retrograde amnesia

can’t remember things that happened BEFORE damage

Anterograde amnesia

can't remember NEW things (alcohol is a major cause)

Infantile amnesia

can’t remember anything before age 3/4

Misinformation Effect

misleading info can distort one’s memory of an event (Lost in the Mall study)

Source Amnesia

attributing an event to the wrong source (confusion about the info’s origin → potential misinformation)

Constructive Memory

our brain creates memories that didn’t happen → not all memories in LTM are accurate

Memory Consolidation

newly learned info goes to LTM during deep sleep

Imagination Inflation

imagining something makes you actually think it happened - but it didn’t (Lost in the Mall study)

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

mental age/chronological age x 100) → OLD version of finding it

Multiple intelligences

different areas/categories of intelligence - ppl can score high in one area and low in another (but still intelligent in that area)

“g” (generalized intelligence) - Spearman

there is a compilation of verbal, spatial, numerical, and mechanical skills → positive correlation among those skills

Psychometric principle - test standardization

same consistent procedures and environments

Psychometric principle - validity

it measures what it's designed to measure (CONSTRUCT validity) + it accurately predicts future performance based on behavior (PREDICTIVE validity)

Psychometric principle - reliability

average stays consistent when multiple trials (TEST-RETEST reliability) + internal consistency (SPLIT-HALF reliability)

Stereotype threat

when anxiety and negativley sterotyped groups have poor performance

Flynn Effect

mean IQ scores are steadily increasing due to gains in..

cyrstalyzed intelligence (general knowledge)

but mainly.. fluid intelligence (flexible PS ability - Fluid = Figuring out the phone)

Variance of IQ scores

how much individuals vary from eman (100) → SD = 15

Achievement tests

current measure what someone knows

aptitude tests

predict how someone will perform in the future