TExES Social Studies 7-12 (232) World History Competency 004 (G & H)

Cold War

This was an ideological war between two ideologically opposed superpowers

Truman Doctrine

This foreign policy was aimed at the containment of communism with a US pledge to resist its spread led to increased tensions between the US and USSR

Division of Germany

With this area divided into four occupation zones it set the stage for democracy v. communism wit tensions rising when the US supplied a cutoff West Berlin inside the Soviet sector.

NATO

The creation of this created during peacetime increased tensions between the US and USSR

Space

The US and USSR competed to be the first here which turned out to be a full scale tech race

Iron Curtain

This was first articulated in a speech given by Churchill which was a symbolic division of Europe after WWII

Eastern Bloc

These nations were under Soviet influence and communism which included Poland and East Germany originating new alliance systems through the Warsaw Pact

Peaceful Competition

This was articulated by Khrushchev in 1961 and symbolized the Cold War between capitalism and communism

Berlin Wall

The construction of this to reinforce the border between east and west Berlin became the visible symbol of the Iron Curtain and the Cold War

Nuclear Arms Race

As the Cold War progressed a new reality emerged with the struggle between the US and USSR to claim political hegemony across the globe leading to this

1949

This was the year the Soviets tested a nuclear bomb

Nuclear Arms Race

This heated up between 1950 and 1969 with both nations in control of technology to directly attack on another through ICBMS

MAD

This redefined war and diplomacy with an awareness on both sides that any direct fighting could lead to nuclear war leading to this reality

Deterrence

Weapon building continued and a new concept emerged as long as each side had enough weapons non would attack

SALT I

This established limits and restraints on US and USSR weapons programs

Satellite States

These included Soviet occupied nations at the end of WWII with a communist government set up in Poland

Eastern Europe

The rationale for occupation of this came from the Allied belief that any territory liberated could be occupied and controlled by the liberator

Communist Bloc

The US accepted the creation of this with the rationale that communism would not be eliminated but stopped from spreading

Truman Doctrine

This was an economic and military program intended to help nations resist Soviet aggression and prevent the spread of communism

Truman Doctrine

This was based on the theory of containment limiting communism to areas already under Soviet control

Truman Doctrine

This was developed in response to the crises in Greece and Turkey

NATO

This was established as a military alliance of democratic nations against Soviet aggression

NATO

The admission of Germany into this in 1955 led to the Soviet formation of the Warsaw Pact

Warsaw Pact

This was a defensive military alliance of communist nations designed to counter the collective defense formed by NATO

Warsaw Pact

Satellite nations joined this to serve as buffer zones between the Soviet Union and the democratic West

Geneva Conference

This was a Cold War meeting held in 1954 to divide Vietnam with the North controlled by communists and the South non communists

Geneva Conference

At this meeting it was agreed that Vietnam would be divided along the 17th parallel establishing north and south Vietnam

Geneva Conference

This meeting effectively divided Vietnam in half giving the north control to communist leader Ho Chi Minh and the south in control by non communists

Geneva Conference

With the establishment of north and south Vietnam, the US was compelled to support the French war effort in the south

Domino Theory

This was the belief that if one southeast Asian country fell to communism, they would all fall

Geneva Agreement

This required elections in Vietnam which would have resulted in the election of Ho Chi Minh. The US advocated cancelling elections and instituting a democratic government in South Vietnam, a violation of this agreement

Korea

Following WWII this was annexed by Japan and was occupied both by the USSR and the US with the Soviets north of the 38th parallel and was to be for a limited occupation while terms of uniting the country were negotiated

Korea

During the occupation of this each adopted the political ideology of its occupying nation

Kim Il Sung

In 1950 this communist leader of North Korea invaded South Korea beginning the Korean War

Containment

This US policy ensured the intervention on behalf of South Korea following the North's invasion

United Nations

They condemned the North's invasion and under a multilateral force led by the US they fought and pushed back the North prompting China to enter the Korean War.

Korean War

This is the first major armed Cold War conflict which led the US to a more aggressive containment policy extending military and economic support to nations throughout Asia

1953 Armistice

This was a cease fire agreement that divided Korea along the 38th parallel with Korea remaining divided along the DMZ

Fulgenico Batista

He was overthrown by Castro and took control of Cuba

Urban Poor Landless Peasants

Castro gained much of his support from these two groups

Nationalized

Castro did this to industries throughout the country, as many businesses had been American owned, and initiated a series of aggressive land reforms

Embargo

In response to Castro's aggressive nationalization of industry and land reforms, the US did this to Cuba

Embargo

As a result of this Castro quickly formed an alliance with the Soviet Union

Bay of Pigs

Ordered by JFK this as an attempt to overthrow Castro

Khrushchev

Castro, with alliances to USSR, permitted him to build nuclear missile bases 90 miles south of the US

Naval Blockade

Kennedy demanded removal of all nuclear missiles after spotting them from a U2 fly by and set up this cutting the Soviets off from Cuba

Turkey

The Soviets agreed to disarm the nuclear sites in Cuba as long as the US removed missiles from here and a promise not to invade Cuba

Nonalignment

This represented a third path or an alternative to allying with the US or the Soviets

Nonalignment

This was aimed at nations who did not take sides during the Cold War with the goal to avoid involvement in it and maintain and increase economic progress

Detente

This was a policy adopted by the US and USSR during the Cold War in an effort to reduce tensions between them over the arms race and control of developing countries

Detente

This encouraged cooperation in environmental research, space exploration, health research, and cultural diffusion

Detente

This assisted in signing SALT I and SALT II

Detente

This deteriorated was US relations with China improved and following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Vietnam

Following the defeat of the French in the south the US intervened here with military involvement increasing under Ike, JFK, LBJ

500000

By 1968, the height of the Vietnam war, US troops reached

Vietnamization

This was a Nixon policy and his vow to end US military involvement in Vietnam by training the South Vietnamese to fight the war on their own

Paris Peace Accords

In 1973 the US phase of the Vietnam War ended with this however after two years the agreements were thrown out and the North Vietnamese and NLF waged war with South Vietnam unifying the country in 1976

Gorbachev

He controlled the Soviet Union from 1985 - 1991 introducing several reforms in the nation

Glasnost

A Gorbachev policy reform of openness

Perestroika

A Gorbachev policy reform of restructuring the economy

Gorbachev

His policy of perestroika and backing free markets were in direct conflict with communist philosophy

Coup d'etat

In mid 1991 this occurred with communist hardliners and was followed by Gorbachev's resignation

Brezhnev Doctrine

This was a pledge to maintain communism in satellite nations. Gorbachev agreed not to enforce this allowing the Eastern Bloc to determine their own political futures

November 1989

During this time the Berlin Wall was opened allowing people to travel freely from east to west with the rest of it being torn down symbolizing the end of the Cold War

Fall of the Soviet Union

The failed invasion of Afghanistan contributed to this as resources were strained to support an unpopular attempt to expand Soviet influence

Afghanistan

This nation maintained a position of nonalignment until a pro Soviet coup dragged the country into civil war

PDPA

This gained control and radically reformed laws regarding family, and and education which were in direct opposition to Muslim beliefs leading to military resistance

Babrak Karmal

This was the Soviet backed president from the PDPA who used Soviet military to gain control of the country which was unpopular

Afghan Mujahideen

These were Islamic warriors that were backed by the US, Iran, China, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan

United Nations

They organized a cease fire with the Soviets withdrawing after 9 years in 1989. Because of the political instability in the region the Taliban gained control in 1994

Gorbachev's Reforms

His policies of glasnost and perestroika led people to speak out against the Soviet State contributing to the fall of the USSR

Berlin Wall

This was a sign that East Germany was no longer backed by the Soviet Union and a symbol of the looming fall of the USSR

Lech Walesa

He led the solidarity movement in Poland which was outlawed by Soviets but ultimately was successful

Islamic Fundamentalism

This term is used by Western sources to describe an extreme movement to replace secular states with Islamic ones

Islamic Fundamentalism

This increased in popularity as an extremist movement in response to opposition to westernization reforms in Muslim countries of the Middle East

Qaddafi

He gained power in Libya as the result of a coup in 1969 with a government he put in place based on Islamic principles supporting revolutionary groups and their activities to include downing a 747 over Lockerbe

Khomeini

He led fundamentalists in a coup over the Shah's western reforms and wrestled control of the government instituting an Islamic republic

Ataturk

He had introduced western reforms in Turkey however Islamic fundamentalists increased their power by increasing their support and influence in political parties during the 90s

Darwin

He is best known for his contributions in evolutionary theory

On the Origin of Species

This book was written by Darwin and is considered the foundation of evolutionary biology

Darwin

He developed a theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection with evidence he gathered from the Beagle expedition

Natural Selection

Survival of the fittest, this is the process in nature where organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive longer and transmit more of their genetic characteristics to succeeding generations than those that are less adapted.

Social Darwinism

This emerged in the 1870s in an attempt to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and politics

Social Darwinism

This concept was used to explain why some businessmen are more successful than others and later served as justification for European capitalist powers to control other nations

Sepoy Rebellion

This was a revolt led by Indian soldiers against the British East India Company in protest of rules that threatened religious traditions

Sepoys

They were Indian soldiers employed under the British government to protect their interests

Insult

This occurred because the British gun carriages were greased in pig and cow fat that offended Hindus and Muslims

Sepoy Rebellion

Due to the insult of pig and cow fat on gun carriages a revolt broke out however the British quickly put it down and took direct political control of India

Indian National Congress

This was a nationalist group formed in British India and sought to serve all Indians

Indian National Congress

Initially this was a forum to express concerns to colonial officials on taxes and other areas but it later called for Indian self rule

Muslim League

Fearful that Hindus did not have their best interests at heart the broke away and formed this but joined with the INC and formed a mass movement for self rule

Indian National Congress

Gandhi led this organization and brought about demands to the British for self rule and lead a massive nationalist movement across the country

Amritsar Massacre

In 1919 they assembled to protest the arrest of nationalist leaders Satyapal and Kitchlew in violation of a new law prohibiting such meetings ending with British troops firing on the crowd killing hundreds. This led to the demand for independence

Muslim League INC

These two groups split after independence when their was support for the creation of a new Muslim nation - Pakistan

Gandhi

He attended law school in London later working in South Africa working with the Indian population in their struggle against racial inequality laying the foundation of his efforts in India

Ahimsa

This was Gandhi's practice of nonviolence which he adapted in South Africa

Sataygraha

This was created by Gandhi as passive resistance, a technique of fighting against unfair laws

Gandhi

He became a popular leader and with the support of an extensive portion of the population made the non cooperation and the civil disobedience movements successful

Gandhi

He urged the boycott of English goods and protest British policies through nonviolence

Salt March

This was a planned march by Gandhi to make this without paying the taxes imposed by the British. He was subsequently arrested.