Frameworks for English language paper 1

Noun - Concrete

Objects with physical existence (Birds, air, music)

Noun- Collective noun

Denotes a group of individuals. (Team, flock)

Noun- Abstract

Refers to states, feelings and concepts that do not exist physically (Love, respect)

Pronoun- Possessive

Indicates belonging or possession (Mine, ours, theirs)

Pronoun- Demonstrative

Orientate towards a person, object or idea which is nearby or further away but clear from context (This, these, those)

Pronoun - Indefinite

Refers to a non-specific idea or person (someone, everything)

Pronoun - relative

Introduces a relative clause (offers more information about preceding noun) - (someone, everything)

Forms of Personal pronouns- plural subject

Subject (same as latin)

Forms of Personal pronouns- object

Object (me, you, him/her, us, you, them)

Forms of personal pronouns - possessive

Possessive (my, your, his/her, our, your, their)

Verb - Transitive

Attached to an object and won’t make sense without one (Please CLOSE the window)

Verb- intransitive

Does not need to be attached to an object (Read, increase)

Auxiliary verbs- modal auxiliary

Indicate possibility or permission (should, may, shall)

Auxiliary verbs- Primary auxiliary

Consist of various forms of ‘to have’ ‘to be’ and ‘to do’

Gerunds

words that end in -ing which are usually verbs but used as nouns (Running is fun)

Adverb and adjective forms- base

Base form modifies another word (Green, quietly)

Adverb and adjective forms- comparative

Compare two instances by adding the suffix ‘er’ or ‘more’ (greener, less quietly)

Adverb and adjective forms- Superlative

Compares more than two instances. Generally uses suffix ‘est’ or ‘most’ (Greenest, most quietly)

Adjective forms- Proper

Formed by a proper noun acting as an adjective (an american hamburger)

Adjective forms- Indefinite

Modifies nouns in a non specific or general way (I have some money)

Adjective forms - Quantitative

Provides information about the quantity of the noun (she had several books)

Determiner- Demonstrative

Introduce or identify the noun in the sentence (This, that, those)

Determiner - Cardinal number

Indicates a specific amount (one, two, three)

Determiner - ordinal number

Indicates position in a series (First, Second, Third)

Conjuction - correlative or paired

Works as a pair to indicate the relationship between two words, phrases or clauses (either/or, both/and)

Conjunction- sub-ordinating

Because, although, for

Denotative meaning

Literal meaning of word, aroma meaning smell

Connotative meaning

Relates to the associations and connections that an individual brings to that meaning. ‘aroma’ has connotative meanings of a pleasant and pervasive smell.

Collocates or collocations

Combinations of words in a sentence which are related and combined very frequently. ‘Soaking wet’

Lexical cohesion devices - connectors/consequence

Links one idea as a result of another (so, therefore)

Lexical cohesion devices - connectors/summative

Finalises idea (in conclusion, to sum up)

Lexical cohesion devices - connectors/Comparative

Compares two ideas (Similarly, on the other hand)

Anaphoric reference

Expression can only be understood by another reference which has come before (I saw my friend last night, SHE was so sad)

Cataphoric reference

When expression or word references something that will be mentioned later on (When he arrived THE BOY…)

Figurative language

Non literal use of lexical items to convey a depth of meaning. Metaphor is key to this

Suffixes

attached to end of the word, -er -ly or -less

Prefixes

attached to beginning of word, pre- un- dis-

Prefixes and suffixes function

Can have inflectional function which shows pluralisation or derivational function which changes meaning of word

Noun phrase

Group of words that act as a noun. If you can replace a whole group of words with a single pronoun without changing meaning.

Prepositonal phrase

Used to give more information about verb or noun Can function as adjectives or if main subject of sentence a noun (on the table)

Verb phrase

Group/combination of lexical units that act as a verb (I was reading the newspaper)

Adverbial phrase of time

Provide more information about the verb (After School)

Adverbial phrases of place

(The party will be at Esme’s house)

Adverbial phrases of manner

(He was speaking VERY CONFIDENTLY)

Adverbial phrases of reason

TO SHOW THEIR AFFECTION, they stroked the dog

Relative clauses

Provide additional information about a noun or pronoun in the main clause, begin with a relative pronoun ‘who’ ‘which’

Active voice

(The dog chased the cat) - examples of the active voice as the dog is placed in the subject position which acts as an agent

Passive voice

(The cat was chased by the dog)- Cat is placed in subject position and agent is at the end of the clause

Compound-complex sentences

Contain multiple main clauses and at least one subordinate clause

Pragmatics- reformulation techniques

When a speaker or writer rephrases their own statement for clearer understanding

Pragmatics - code

A system where a particular aspect of language always communicates the same message. It can imply or infer meaning eg cold weather or cold food

Pragmatics - implicature

something a speaker implies through an utterance without literally expressing it (implying you cannot go to something because you have an interview tomorrow)

Pragmatics - Schema

Knowledge and ability to interpret a text or speech (ability to answer questions on france from knowledge)

Pragmatics - Embodied knowledge

Knowledge associated with our physical experience of something. France, you may have this knowledge if you have visited

Grice - maxim of quantity

Use an appropriate amount of information- not too much or too little

Grice - Maxim of quality

the speech should be truthful

Grice- Maxim of relevance

the conversation should stay on topic and be relevant

Grice- maxim of manner

communication should be effective in its clarity and appropriateness

Grice- broken maxims

Maxims can be violated(not obvious) or flout (obvious) and when they are broken, they give rise to implicatures

Pragmatics - Iteratives

Indicate something has been repeated (I passed my driving test this time)

Pragmatics - Personal deixis

relates to the speaker through pronouns and refers to any examples of langauge which refer to the speaker, listener, or any others (I love you)

Pragmatics - Spatial deixis

Refers to language in terms of location through verbs ‘here’ ‘there’

Pragmatics - temporal deixis

Relates to time in which event took place, reflected through adverbs ‘today’, ‘last week’

Pragmatics - positive face

someones desire to be liked and appreciated

Pragmatics - negative face

someone’s desire to protect their personal rights such as freedom of speech and action

Pragmatics - positive politeness

where we appeal to a person’s positive face which makes us feel good about ourselves

Pragmatics - negative politeness

where we try to mitigate any personal issues which might arise as a result of imposing on someone

Pragmatics - face threatening acts

Utterances which may threaten or damage someones face needs and self esteem.

Pragmatics - what determines a persons face

Way in which someone conducts themself

Pragmatics - Assertive

Speaker confidently expresses a point of view or statement of fact

Pragmatics - Assertives/ Analytic

True or false by virtue of their meaning (dogs are animals)

Pragmatics - Assertives/ synthetic

Truth is not contained in the meaning of the word but through experiences in the world (its often sunny in the caribbean)

Pragmatics - commissive

Commits the speaker to a certain course of action. May take form of a promise, threat or refusal

Pragmatics - declarative

Speaker intends to change a situation in some way once the speech has been performed

Pragmatics - Declarative/ verdictive

Verdictive declarations refer to judgements and decisions made in institutions (I now pronounce you man and wife)

Pragmatics - Declarative/effective

Effective declarations refer to situations which happen due to the utterance (you’re fired)

Pragmatics - Directive

Utterance which aims to have someone carry out an action. May take form of a command, a request, invitation or advice

Pragmatics - Expressives

One which is used to communicate the psychological state of the speaker or their emotional reaction towards a proposition.

Phonology - Minimal pairs

Indicate two words separated only by a single phoneme (Know and now)

Phonology - intonation

Refers to the rise and fall of our voices and relates to pitch of high or low sounds

Phonology - paralanguage

Can take forms of prosodic features such as pauses, intonation which interrupt flow of talk. Can include hesitations, fillers, overlaps, interruptions

Phonology - Rhythm

Refers to the movement of speech and is affected by the speed of delivery and the overall number of syllables

Phonology - Onomatopoeia

Refers to words which phonetically imitate or resemble the sound that they describe

Phonology - sound patterns

Sounds might mirror actions they describe. Aliiteration, same sound repeated at beginning of sentence and sibilance where ‘s’ sounds are repeated.

Phonology - Glottal stops

Produced when vocal chords close rapidly. (uh-oh) slight pause in middle represents glottal stops