Ethical Theories and Moral Principles

PHIL 314 EXAM 1

What is cultural relativism?

The idea that all moral values are just cultural customs and laws.

What are the problems with cultural relativism?

Doesn't work in diverse societies, can't explain moral progress, and can't tell reformers from criminals.

What is cultural relativism?

The idea that all moral values are just cultural customs and laws.

What are the problems with cultural relativism?

Doesn't work in diverse societies, can't explain moral progress, and can't tell reformers from criminals.

What is Bentham's utilitarian principle?

The right action is the one that creates the most good overall.

What does Bentham say "good" is?

Pleasure and the absence of pain.

What is the hedonic calculus?

A way to measure pleasure and pain by looking at intensity, duration, and probability.

Why is utilitarianism better, according to Bentham?

It's natural, realistic, and treats everyone equally.

What are problems with utilitarianism?

It's impractical, ignores intentions, and can justify bad actions.

What gives humans dignity according to Kant?

Our ability to choose actions based on what we believe is right.

What is the categorical imperative?

A rule to test if an action is morally right.

What are the two main rules of the categorical imperative?

Act only in ways you think everyone should. 2) Never use people as objects.

What are problems with Kantian ethics?

Too rigid, unclear, and ignores feelings.

What is care ethics?

Making decisions based on relationships and care.

What is natural law?

Universal moral principles we can discover through reason.

What are the four key principles in ethics?

Autonomy, Utility, Nonmaleficence (don't harm), and Beneficence (help others).