AP Human Geography Vocab Review

Reference Maps

show locations of places and geographic features

thematic map

a map that shows a particular theme, or topic

Chloropleth Map

a map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a property or quantity in those areas.

Isoline Map

Map displaying lines that connect points of equal value; for example, a map showing elevation levels

Geospacial Technology

GIS, GPS, Satellite Imagery, etc.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

a computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data

Relocation diffusion

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

EX: Guns coming from British when they came to conquer with their guns

Expansion diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend among people to a larger group of people

(Contains Hierarchical, Stimulus, and Contagious)

Hierarchical Diffusion

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

EX: President convincing citizens to get their vaccine

Stimulus Diffusion

the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse

EX: Indian menu at McDonalds is different than USA menu at McDonalds

Contagious Diffusion

the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

EX:The whipped coffee trend, essentially any social media trend

Distance Decay

decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin

space-time compression

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

formal region

An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics

EX: Country borders, zip codes

nodal/functional region

An area organized around a hearth or center point

EX:Wifi router

vernacular region

A region that people construct in their mind

EX: Midwest

Globalization

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

EX: Olympic started in ancient Greece and have now spread globally

Outsourcing

shifting a job or service to an overseas location, typically in order to save money

EX: American tech company hiring workers in Bangladesh to do the work for 1/4 of the cost

supply chain

the network of people, businesses, and technologies required to move a resource to a manufacturer, and the finished product to a consumer

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.

EX: This would be high in a more developed country

GNI (Gross National Income)

The amount of money earned by everyone in a country.

EX: This is high in a more developed country

Limitations: Hides gap between rich and poor, misses. informal economy, and larger populations will always have a higher GNI

GNI per capita

The average level of GNI per head of population

EX: This is high in a more developed country

PPP (Purchasing Power Parity)

an adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods

IMR (infant mortality rate)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

EX: Higher in less developed countries. Democratic. Republic of Congo has a high IMR. Population is shrinking and there are less people to occupy important jobs in the future

NIR (natural increase rate)

The percentage by which a population grows in a year

EX: Higher in less developed countries

TFR (total fertility rate)

the average number of children per woman

EX: Higher in less developed countries

HDI (Human Development Index)

measures life expectancy, birth and death rates, education, quality of life

EX: Higher in more developed countries, 1 is the best score a country can get

GII (Gender Inequality Index)

A statistic that measures gender inequality in a country

EX: Lower in a more developed country because on scale of 0-1., 0 means both genders are completely equal. Libya is an exception.

A policy that requires women to get a full education might help the gender inequality lower in countries.

Imperialism

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

EX: The US expansion onto Puerto Rico

Colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

EX: British taking over America

Footloose industry

Industry not bound by locational constraints and able to choose to locate wherever it wants.

EX: Apple because the raw materials are easy to assemble

Just-in-time delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

Agglomeration

Clumping together of industries for mutual advantage.

EX: Movie industry in LA, computer tech in Silicon Valley

Intermodal shipping container

a standard-sized steel container that can be used on any form of transportation, including a cargo boat, a train, or semi truck

Containerization

The transporting of goods in standard-sized shipping containers.

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

an area where business and trade laws differ from the rest of the country. These zones are typically located in developing countries and are intended to attract foreign businesses with incentives such as lower taxes and exemptions from tariffs. Concentrated in Asia and America because of large. working population

EX: Shenzhen is located South on the East coast of China. The government chose it because it is close to the shore and far from North Korea which is a desirable location. They lowered tariffs, they reduced corporate income taxes, and they made it

easier to obtain license/permits.

export processing zones (EPZs)

zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where products can be sent out with little to no tariffs on them. Unlike SEZ, these are solely to attract foreign manufacturers

EX: EPZ in Northern Mexico with factories supplying goods into the US market

Complimentarity

When one country produces something the other needs

EX: China and the US have high complementarity because China exports clothing and tech products, and Americans want to buy those things

free trade

international trade free of government interference

Inputs

the resources—such as labor, money, materials, and energy—that are converted into outputs

output

goods and services created fm raw materials

Productivity

the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input

opportunity cost

whatever must be given up to obtain some item

EX:the opportunity cost of the industrializing is clean air and lots of forests

absolute advantage

a country's ability to carry out an economic activity more efficiently than any other country

EX: imagine the United States and China each have the same amount of metal. If the US makes 200 planes and China makes 100 planes, the United States has the absolute advantage.

comparative advantage

the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer

EX:The United States could manufacture a lot of clothing in a little time (absolute advantage) but it would have to move people out of other, higher paying jobs to do so, therefore having a lower comparative advantage

Interdependency

Mutual reliance, as in the economic realm, in which actions in nations reverberate and affect the economic well-being of people in other nations.

sovereign debt

the amount of money borrowed by a country's government

Bonds

Paper notes promising to repay money after a certain length of time with interest

default

failure to pay back a loan

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

an international organization that acts as a lender of last resort, providing loans to troubled nations, and also works to promote trade through financial cooperation

Microloans

Small-business loans often used to buy equipment or operate a business

Generally tend to be given to women

Sustainability

the ability to meet our needs in the present without compromise others' ability to meet their needs in the future

EX: Recycling, wind energy

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

UN Sustainable Development Goals

17 goals made by the United Nations in 2015 to encourage positive human and environmental development for the world

examples: no poverty, zero hunger, good health and well being, quality education

Ecotourism

A form of tourism with three goals

1. Preserve the natural environment.

2. Generate profit and genuinely good job opportunities for local people.

3. Empower disadvantageous groups like women, low income, and indigenous people.

EX:Project in Nepal made by three women where women could become tour guides so that the women could make a lot of money in their jobs.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

sex ratio

the ratio of males to females in a population

EX: This ratio was unbalanced in China because sex-selective abortions after the one child policy because having a male child was more useful for making money

dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

carrying capacity

The largest population that an area can support

World density

South and East Asia are most densely populated

Canada and Russia are least densely populated

Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the carrying capacity

EX: Tokyo, Japan; Dehli, India

Most densely populated city is Macau

Arithmetic Density

The number of people living in a given unit area.

EX: Bangladesh has a high arithmetic density caused by a high crude birth rate. This causes overcrowding.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land

Agricultural Density

number of farmers per unit of arable land

arable

suitable for growing crops

Country with shrinking population

Japan because Many people are working 12 hours a day

so People are not getting married or having children. The solution is to improve child care facilities.

Country struggling with a growing population

Pakistan who is borrowing lots of money form China (which never ends up good)

A country benefiting from a growing population

USA because young people are questioning old ideas like racism and improving equality

A country whose population grew and shrank in recent years

Romania because the government introduced birth control and educated citizens

indoor farming

large layered vertical farming that is done indoors

Thomas Malthus

a British philosopher who published a book in 1798 arguing the world was overpopulated and would run out of food in the near future because population grows exponentially but food supply grows arithmetically

The issue is that he did not take into account new farming technology advancements

Neomalthusians

modern-day thinkers who believe that climate change and rapid population growth will cause dire shortages of food, water, and other essential resources

Pull factor

a factor that induces people to move to a new location

EX: Political- Migrating from South to North during the civil war to fight for the union

Social-Moving from place with bad public schooling to place with good public schooling for better education

Economical-Moving for better housing and consumer crowd

Environmental-Migrating to find better farmland

push factors

Factors that induce people to leave old residences.

migrant

a person who moves from one place to another, usually to seek better working or living conditions.

Intranational Migration

Migration within a country

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

An intranational migrant who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders

EX: Around half of the population in Syria are internally displaced due to efforts to remain safe during the civil war.

Rural-urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city

Push factors: Less tech, job opportunities, poor education

Pull factors: Job opportunities, advanced technology

Effects: Large amounts of R to U migration can result in squatter settlements

International Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

immigrant

a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country

refugee

A person who has to leave his or her country for fear of their life or safety

EX:

Afghanistan > Pakistan bc violence after 9/11

Liberia > Sierra Leon bc fleeing civil war

Darfur> Chad bc conflict erupted

Iraq > Syria and Jordan bc they were being invaded

Somalia > Kenya and Ethiopia bc disliked president got elected

Pros and Cons for host country of refugees

Pros: Larger workforce, bigger military, more consumers

Cons: Providing resources, jobs, disease spreading

Voluntary Migration

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

EX: Immigrants from Jamaica to London looking for new life in the UK

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

EX: Rohingya people escaping Myanmar state forces to go to Bangladesh

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Guest Workers

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs

EX:Many guest workers from Vietnam and Asia traveled to the former Soviet Union to work in factories.

Effect: Steals job opportunities from the host country's citizens

Brain Drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people.

EX: Doctors from India moving to Singapore due to the higher pay

intervening obstacle

an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration

EX: Syrian refugees trying to escape but have to deal with smugglers, dangerous transportation, lack of money, and law officers

interveining opportunity

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration.

EX: Marriage can be a reason why someone is allowed to move to another country

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

EX: Western culture, youth culture (not religion or ethnicity)

material culture

the physical objects that make up a culture. If you can touch and see it, it is material culture

EX: Clothings, goods, tools, places of worship

cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

sense of place

a set of qualities and characteristics that make a specific geographic location different from everywhere else.

Placelessness

the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

artifact

an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.

EX: A christian cross

Sociofact

institutions of culture that link people: family structure, political ideas

EX: Christians believed that Jesus died so that people can be forgiven of their sins

Ethnocentrism

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

EX:When the government of Denmark assumed that Muslim women wear the veil because they are oppressed or terrorists