Political Law Principles in Treaty of Paris

Treaty of Paris

introduction into our country of Political Law principles followed in the United States

December 10, 1898

Treaty of Paris signed (date)

1935

The Philippines was governed as a colony by the United States until ____ when it became a self governing commonwealth

July 4, 1946

date the Philippines received its independence from the United States

United States

acquired the Philippines from Spain

Spanish Government

could not validly transfer title over Philippine territory bec. Spain acquired the Phil. Archipelago by virtue of discovery and occupation for a period of over three centuries.

Military Government

was established by the United States

Gen. Wesley Merrit

appointed by the U.S president as the first Military Governor

Three

Military Rule lasted for how many years?

Gen. Arthur MacArthur

was the last military governor

Schurman Commission and the Philippine Commission

Two Commissions were appointed

Taft Commission

- was primarily designed to speed up the establishment of the civil government in the Philippines.

Spooner Amendment

it was a rider in the General Appropriations Act for the Army passed by the United States Congress in March , 1901 which opened the way for the establishment of a civil government in the Philippines

Civil Government

provided the Phil. with limited self-government. Military gov't was replaced with Civilian Government

William Howard Taft

Civil Government was led by ________

Philippine Bill of 1902

- began the exercise of the complete authority of the United States Congress over the Philippines

Philippine Assembly

- was inaugurated on Oct. 16, 1907; constituted as the "Lower House" with Philippine Commission of Taft as the "Upper House"

Period 1907 to 1935

- was a period of greater Filipino participation in the Government.

Jones Law

- was passed on August 29, 1916, which served as the Organic Act up to Nov. 15, 1935.

Tydings-MacDuffie Act of 1934

- provided for the establishment of the "Commonwealth Government" (inaugurated Nov. 15, 1935).

unincorporated territory

the Philippines was considered an "__________" of the United States. We were not then American citizens but we were referred to as American nationals

allegiance

We were referred to as American nationals because we owed ________ to the United States Government.

 Japanese Occupation

Philippine’s political laws were suspended or held abeyance (temporary disuse/suspension)

Municipal and tax laws

laws that are continued and enforced during Japanese regime.

Municipal laws

which intended to preserve public order and to regulate the social and commercial life of the people were deemed continued and enforced during Japanese regime.

Tax laws

- were not political in nature; were effective during the Japanese occupation

No

DOES THE ALLEGIANCE OF FILIPINOS SUSPENDED DURING ENEMY OCCUPATION?

Laurel vs. Misa (Case Digest)

- Absolute and permanent allegiance is not suspended during enemy occupation. Hence, adherence to said enemy occupant, through giving them aid and comfort, is an act of treason punishable under Article 114 of the Revised Penal Code (contains the general penal laws of the Phil.)

Sovereignty of the de jure (legitimate government)

- was not suspended nor severed during the Jap days. What was suspended then was the exercise of the rights of sovereignty.

de jure

- a state of affairs that is in accordance with law

Allegiance

- is likewise neither transferred to the enemy occupant nor suspended during the occupation

Citizen

- owes not a qualified and temporary but an absolute and permanent allegiance to his government or sovereign.

de facto government

Under International Law, a military occupant, in so governing the occupied territory and as an incident of war possesses the powers of a _________

jus postliminium

upon restoration of the legitimate government, under IL the process will be through ___________

Postliminium

- a captive who returned recovered all his rights retrospectively, just as if he had never been captured

Manuel A. Roxas

- last Commonwealth President and the first president of the Republic of the Philippines

-laid down the basis of rehabilitation of the Philippines after devastation in World War II

President Ferdinand Marcos

- redefined foreign policy as the safeguarding of territorial integrity and national dignity.

- Emphasis was placed on increased regional cooperation and collaboration.

ASEAN

The Philippines launched a new initiative in 1967 to form a regional association with other Southeast Asian countries, leading to the establishment of _____.

China and the USSR

The Philippines normalized economic and diplomatic ties with __________, with President Marcos visiting both countries in 1975 and 1976 respectively.

Politics

- the struggle of "who gets what, when, how."

Political scientists

they study such struggles, both small and large, in an effort to develop general principles

Political Theory

- analyzes fundamental political concepts such as power and democracy and fundamental questions such as, "How should the individual and the state relate?”

Bureaucracy

- is a form of organizational management that has both positive and negative connotations.

- is a way of managing large resources efficiently.

Institutional Mentality

: develop their own values, priorities, and institutional mentality.

complicated structure and hierarchical levels

Bureaucracy is often criticized for its __________ and __________; associated with inflexible rules, excessive paperwork, and the need for multiple consultations.

Client Perspective

Individuals dealing may experience slow problem-solving and delays.

Ancient Empires

-  emerged in _________ as a response to the need to manage diverse and rich resources

European Absolutist States

-  Bureaucratic systems reappeared in ______________ as a means of managing resources.

Streamlined Administrative Apparatus

: His analysis of historical examples led to the concept of bureaucracy as a ____________________. Bureaucratic power emerged with the rise of cash economies.

charismatic, traditional, and rational-legal.

three types of authority according to Max Webber

Rational-legal authority

-  the basis for bureaucratic power.

Expansion of Bureaucracy

: He argued that the _________________ is inevitable in modern society. Bureaucratic authority is necessary to meet the administrative requirements of large organizations.

Bureaucratic Perspective

- organizations often have policy preferences based on their missions and how a policy will affect them. The views of a country’s military establishment on arms control are influenced by the fact that its size, equipment, and budget share will be reduced by any real arms reduction.

Bureaucratic Method

- An organization’s perspective will cause it, consciously or not, to try to shape policy according to its views. Bureaucracies influence policy decisions in several ways.

Public opinion

- collection of views that large numbers of people hold about issues of public concern.

- helps direct public policy.

Individual opinion

- influenced by such factors as family, friends, media, and age. 

Polls

can measure public opinion.

The Polling Process, Evaluating Polls, Polls and Public Opinion, Exit Polls

 How is public opinion measured?

Sample

- the group of people who take part

must be chosen at random from total population

Sampling error

- possible margin of error above and below poll’s results; should be stated 

Evaluating Polls

Properly conducted polls produce reliable, accurate, objective, bias-free results.

Bias

refers to errors introduced by methods that lead to one outcome over another.

Objectivity

: freedom from bias, outside factors, that could influence results of poll

Polls

can be conducted in ways to produce certain results; wording of questions critical

Exit Polls

Election day _______ surveys randomly selected fraction of voters after they have voted to find out how they voted before the official vote count

Bias in reporting and/or story selection, Factual inaccuracy, Media consolidation

Criticism of the Media

to get accurate information

Why should you consult more than one source for your news?

Mass communication

- is the transmission of information, ideas, opinions and policies to heterogeneous, anonymous and large audiences through technical devices.

Communication, Interpretation, Advocacy

According to Cohen Media have three primary roles in the foreign policy process:

MANIPULATIVE/MONOLITHIC/ADVOCATIVE

Media has the power to 'manufacture' reality for desirable change.

ADVOCATE RELATION

- Media sometimes work as a multiplying force which not only set public agenda but also inter-media agenda. (ex. American attack on Afghanistan after 9/11.)

MONOLITHIC RELATION

- shows society as a homogeneous and dependent upon media messages for seeking information

ADVERSARIAL RELATION

- Instead of serving as a mouthpiece, media acts independently and criticizes government policies.

INDIFFERENT RELATION

- Media may appear as indifferent to foreign policy issues depending on the social systems, media structures and performance. However, the perceived impact of media is related to many factors including; policy certainty, issue obtrusiveness, and people's interest.