APPH 1040 Part 1

Alimentary Canal

Alimentary Canal

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines

Accessory Organs

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas

Salivary glands

secretes saliva; 3 on each side; c. digestion (amalyase)

amalyase

break down starch

starch digestion starts

in the mouth

cephalgia

headache

tendon

muscle to bone; strain

ligaments

bone to bone; sprain

mastication

chewing

degluitition

swallowing

micturate

urinate

-ase

enzyme

-ose

protein

aminopeptide

break down protein into amino acids

esophagus

propulsion

peristalsis

wave-like contraction that moved food (bolus) down esophagus

chyme

food + gastric juice

goblet cells

makes mucus to protect from pH

parietal cells

makes HCl; absorbs B12

Chief cells

pensinogen + HCL = pepsin (protein digestion)

enteroendocrine cells

release hormones

villi

more surface area for absorption (SI)

microvilli

produce enzyme (SI)

cholesterol

makes cell membranes stronger; waxy

bile function

emulsifies; breaks down fat

bile storage

gallbladder

liver function

filter; remove drugs; store minerals

gallbladder function

store bile; CCK (signal to produce bile)

pancreas function

make enzymes; trypsin

Trypsin

digests proteins (pancreas)

Spleen

why feces is brown

Large intestine

reabsorbs H2O; produce v. B & K (blood clotting); eliminate poop

peptide ulcers

break in stomach lining; too much HCl

cirrhosis

scared liver from inflammation

hepatitis

inflamed liver

biliary calculis

gallstones (cholesterol crystals)

cholecystutus

inflamed gallbladder

colitis

inflamed colon

clysphagia

difficulty swallowing

enteritis

inflamed intestines

eructation

burping

lining of alimentary canal

lumen → mucosa → submucosa →muscular → serosa

Macronutrients

carbs, fats, protein

Micronutrients

vitamins, minerals, water

4947 Rule

4 carbs, 9 fats, 4 protein, 7 alcohol

carbohydrates

main source of energy

complex carbs

absorb slowly; fruits, veggies, whole grain

simple carbs

digest quickly; few essential minerals

fiber

roughage

soluble fiber

improve cholesterol & blood sugar; oats

insoluble fiber

bulks stool

fiber helps reduce

heart disease, colon cancer; diabetes, diverticulosis

diverticulosis

colon have air pockets

lipids

most concentrated energy

saturated fats

animal sources; solid @ room temp; single bond

trans fats

veg oil; solid@ room temp

unsaturated fats

plant source; liquid @ room temp

polyunsaturated fats

sunflower oil; 2+ double bonds

monounsaturated fats

olive oil; 1 double bond

omega 3 fatty acids

fish; 1st double bond on 3rd carbon

Hydrogenation

H+ added to UNS fat so liquid → solid

cholesterol comes from

diet & liver

cholesterol limit

300 mg

proteins

from amino acids; animal + plant source

essential amino acids

from food

non-essential amino acids

produced by body

sodium limit

2300 mg/day

potassium limit

F: 2600 mg M: 3400 mg

hypervitiminosis

vitamin overdose

malaise

lack of energy

relative risk

compare ppl w/ condition to ppl w/o condition

avg life expentency

77 (F: +3) (M:-3)

idiopathic

disease w/ no known cause

making health changes

precontemplation → contemplation → preparation → action → maintenance → termination

leading cause of death

heart, cancer, accident, covid

transmit disease (6 Fs)

food, flies, fingers, fomite (inanimate objects), feces

Vitamin A

retinol

vitamin A found

carrots

vitamin A no

nyctalopia (night blindess)

vitamin D

cholecal

vitamin D found

sunlight, dairy

vitamin D no

rickets

vitamin E

tocapherol

vitamin E found

green

vitamin E no

anemia

vitamin K1

phylloquinone

vitamin K2

menanquinone

vitamin k found

greens, yolk

vitamin B1

thiamine

vitamin B2

riboflavin

vitamine B3

niacin

vitamin B found

fish, whole grains

vitamin B no

neurological & cardiac

vitamin C

asorbic acid

vitamin C found

citrus

vitamin C help

build connective tissue

vitamin B help

metabolize CLP for energy

vitamin K help

with clotting

vitamin C no

scurvy