Forensic psychology midterm Textbook
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Last updated 6:07 PM on 2/6/26
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1834 Terms
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How is forensic psychology portrayed on TV and in movies?
Inaccurately and exaggerated
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Do forensic psychologists perform tasks shown in media?
Yes, but not in the way media portrays them
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What makes forensic psychology different from other psychology fields?
Focus on behavior within a legal context
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What are forensic psychologists interested in understanding?
Thoughts, feelings, and actions of people
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Why do forensic psychologists do things other psychologists rarely do?
They work within legal and justice contexts
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When did forensic psychology begin?
Late 19th century
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Was the field originally called forensic psychology?
No
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Did early researchers identify themselves as forensic psychologists?
No
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Why are early psychologists still important to forensic psychology?
Their work laid the foundation for the field
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Where did early forensic psychology research emerge?
United States and Europe
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Who conducted the first experiments relevant to forensic psychology?
James McKeen Cattell
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What was Cattell known for studying?
Human cognitive processes
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Who did Cattell work with in Leipzig, Germany?
Wilhelm Wundt
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What area of research did Cattell contribute to?
Psychology of eyewitness testimony
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What was the title of Cattell’s 1895 study?
Measurements of Accuracy of Recollection
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Who participated in Cattell’s study?
University psychology students
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What kind of questions did Cattell ask participants?
Questions about everyday memories
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What did Cattell find about memory accuracy?
Memories were often inaccurate
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What did Cattell find about confidence and accuracy?
They were not strongly related
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Why were Cattell’s findings important for the legal system?
They highlighted problems with eyewitness testimony
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Who studied suggestibility in children around the same time?
Alfred Binet
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What was Binet’s key work called?
La Suggestibilité
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What did Binet demonstrate about children’s testimony?
It is highly susceptible to suggestion
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What method produced the most accurate responses in children?
Free recall
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What type of questions produced the least accurate responses?
Highly misleading questions
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Who summarized Binet’s work in 1993?
Ceci and Bruck
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Who continued research on witness suggestibility after Binet?
William Stern
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What experimental method is attributed to William Stern?
The reality experiment
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What is the reality experiment?
Participants observe a staged event and later recall it
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Who conducted the 1901 eyewitness study with Stern?
Franz von Liszt
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Who were the participants in Stern’s study?
Law students
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What happened in Stern’s staged classroom event?
An argument escalated and a revolver was drawn
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What was Stern’s main finding?
Eyewitness testimony was often inaccurate
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When was recall accuracy the worst?
During highly emotional moments
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Who was one of the first psychologists to testify as an expert witness?
Albert von Schrenck-Notzing
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When did Schrenck-Notzing testify in court?
1896
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What kind of case did Schrenck-Notzing testify in?
Three sexual murder cases
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What major issue surrounded the case?
Heavy pretrial publicity
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What concept did Schrenck-Notzing introduce?
Retroactive memory falsification
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What is retroactive memory falsification?
Confusing real memories with later media information
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How can media affect eyewitness memory?
It can distort or alter recall
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Which later researchers supported these findings?
Ogloff and Vidmar
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What is the key takeaway about eyewitness memory?
It is malleable
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Who conducted early research on children’s suggestibility in 1911?
Julian Varendonck
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Who described Varendonck’s study later?
Ceci and Bruck
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What was unique about Varendonck’s study?
The person described by children did not exist
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What did children often do in Varendonck’s study?
Describe a fictitious person
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What does this study show about children’s testimony?
It is highly influenced by suggestion
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What conclusion was drawn for court cases?
Children’s eyewitness testimony should be treated cautiously
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Who were early advocates for forensic psychology in North America?
Hugo Münsterberg and William James
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Where did Hugo Münsterberg study?
With Wilhelm Wundt
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Where did Münsterberg work in the U.S.?
Harvard University
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Who collaborated with Münsterberg on interrogation research?
William James
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What issues were U.S. courts debating in the early 1900s?
Confessions and reliability of testimony
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Who was Richard Ivens?
A young man with an intellectual disability accused of rape and murder
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Where did the Richard Ivens case occur?
Chicago
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What did Richard Ivens confess to?
Rape and murder
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Who reviewed Ivens’s interrogation records?
Hugo Münsterberg and William James
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Why were Münsterberg and James asked to review the case?
At the request of Ivens’s lawyer
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What was Münsterberg’s conclusion in the Ivens case?
The confession was false
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Did Münsterberg believe Ivens committed the crime?
No
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What was the court outcome in the Ivens case?
Ivens was found guilty and executed
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How did the court treat psychological evidence in the Ivens case?
It was largely ignored
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Who was Harry Orchard?
A man who confessed to killing the former governor of Idaho
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What did Harry Orchard claim about the murder?
He acted on orders from a union boss
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Who requested Münsterberg’s involvement in the Orchard case?
The prosecution
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What did Münsterberg conclude about Orchard’s confession?
It was truthful
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What was the court outcome for the union boss?
He was acquitted
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Did Münsterberg’s findings strongly influence the court?
No
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How did the public and media react to Münsterberg’s legal involvement?
With strong criticism
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How was psychology portrayed in the media at the time?
As a scientific fad cheating justice
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What did media coverage say about Münsterberg and William James in the Ivens case?
They made themselves and their science look ridiculous
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How did the legal community react to Münsterberg?
With skepticism and opposition
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What aspects of psychology did the legal profession resist?
Testimony, confessions, and credibility research
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What book did Münsterberg publish in 1908?
On the Witness Stand
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Why did Münsterberg write On the Witness Stand?
To argue psychology’s value to the legal system
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What legal issues did Münsterberg argue psychology could help with?
Eyewitness testimony, false confessions, suggestibility, crime detection, and prevention
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What was the structure of On the Witness Stand?
A collection of essays applying psychology to law
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How was the book received by lawyers?
With increased backlash
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Why did Münsterberg’s book increase criticism?
His confrontational writing style
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How did Münsterberg describe the legal system?
Outdated and unscientific
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What did Münsterberg argue lawyers relied on instead of psychology?
Common sense and instinct
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What did Münsterberg say the law ignored?
Advances in experimental psychology
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What psychological processes did Münsterberg believe law underestimated?
Memory, perception, judgment, and suggestibility
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What role did Münsterberg believe psychology should play in law?
Improving accuracy and reducing intuition-based decisions
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How did Münsterberg believe legal reform would occur?
Through public pressure, not voluntary change
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Who was John Henry Wigmore?
A law professor at Northwestern University
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What role did Wigmore play in response to Münsterberg?
He was a major critic
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What did Wigmore publish in 1909?
A mock trial putting Münsterberg on trial
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What was the outcome of Wigmore’s mock trial?
Münsterberg was found guilty of overclaiming
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What satirical elements did Wigmore use?
April Fool’s date and Supreme Court of Wundt County
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What was Wigmore’s main criticism?
Lack of empirical forensic psychology research
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How did Wigmore view psychology’s readiness for law?
Not ready to contribute meaningfully
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What was the immediate impact on forensic psychology in the U.S.?
Progress slowed and psychologists became cautious
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Did forensic psychology eventually advance in the U.S.?
Yes
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When did psychologists help open the first youth offender clinic?
1909
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What development occurred in 1916?
Laboratories for pretrial psychological assessments
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What change occurred in 1917?
Psychological testing for law enforcement selection
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How did forensic psychology evolve after early resistance?
Through theory development and applied research
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Who proposed Sheldon’s Constitutional Theory of Crime?
William Sheldon
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