Chapter 14 + 15, Chapter 14 Humans, Microbes & Virulence

Pathology

The study of disease

Etiology

The study of the cause of a disease

Pathogenesis

The development of disease

Transient microbiota

microorganisms that temporarily colonize the human body without a permanent residence

Normal microbiota

microorganisms that permanently colonize the host

Commensalism (symbiosis)

One organism is benefited and the other is unaffected

Mutualism (symbiosis)

both organisms benefit

Parasitism (symbiosis)

one organism is benefited at the expense of the other.

opportunistic pathogens

microorganisms that usually do not cause disease in healthy individuals but can take advantage of weakened immune systems

What makes a human?

Human metabolic features- combination of human and microbial traits

• Microbiota- microrganisms that live inside and on humans

• Microbiome- all the genomes (species) of the different microbial symbionts

Benefits of the normal flora

1. Synthesize and excrete vitamins Vitamin K and Vitamin B12

2. Prevent colonization by pathogens

3. May antagonize other bacteria

4. Stimulate the development of certain tissues

, i.e., intestines, certain lymphatic tissues, and capillary density

5. Stimulate the production of cross-reactive antibodies.

Communicable disease

A disease that is spread from one host to another.

Contagious disease

A disease that is easily spread from one host to another.

Non-communicable disease

A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another.

Local infection

Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body.

Systemic infection

An infection throughout the body.

Focal infection

Systemic infection that began as a local infection.

Bacteremia

Bacteria in the blood.

Septicemia

Growth of bacteria in the blood.

virulence factors

the degree of an organism's ability to cause disease

seven virulence factors

1. Maintain a reservoir

• Humans, Animals origin poin

2. Leave reservoir and enter host

3. Adhere to surface of host

4. Invade the body of the host

5. Evade the body’s defenses

6. Multiply within the body

7. Leave the body and return to reservoir

Reservoirs of infection are

continual sources of infection.

How does microbial antagonism affect the normal microbiota?

(competitive exclusion) is how members of your normal microbiota protect you by competing with or inhibiting harmful microbes.

Probiotics

beneficial microbes that help maintain or restore the normal balance of the body’s microbiota.

What are the structural, mechanical, and biochemical aspects of the 1st line of defens

block pathogens from entry, kill pathogens or remove pathogens

What are the differences between apocrine and hypocrine sweat?

What role do the mucociliary system, urine flow, stomach HCl/pH, lysozyme, fatty acids, bile play in the first line of
defense?

Sporadic disease.

disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly in a population

Endemic disease

infections that are constantly present in a specific geographic region or population at a relatively stable level

Epidemic disease

a widespread occurrence of a disease in a particular population within a specified period, exceeding the usual frequency or distribution of cases. 

Pandemic disease.

an disease that has spread over a wide geographical area, such as multiple continents or worldwide

viremia

The growth of bacteria in the blood.

quarantine vs isolation

______ separates and restricts the movement of those who may have been exposed to an infectious disease, while _____ separates those confirmed to be infected.