PSYC 112 Internal Test MCQ

(b) "on"

An example of a function word would be:
(a) "house"
(b) "on"
(c) "cut"
(d) none of the above

(c) Wernicke's aphasia because she does not appear to understand the sentence

If someone who had suffered a stroke said "It pongled the here in the bosh" in response to the question "How did you get here?" This person would likely be suffering from:
(a) Broca's aphasia because she is having difficulty using words
(b) Broca's aphasia because she is not using function words
(c) Wernicke's aphasia because she does not appear to understand the sentence
(d) none of the above

(d) It is impaired as a result of damage to the auditory areas of the brain.

Which statement is NOT true of language in Broca's aphasic patients?
(a) It is impaired in the ability to produce syntax.
(b) It is characterised by the omission of function words.
(c) It tends to retain the main content words.
(d) It is impaired as a result of damage to the auditory areas of the brain.

(a) Rachel can hear the "k" sound in "monkey" but she can't quite produce it yet.

Rachel is 18 months old. She shows her stuffed toy monkey to her aunt but refers to it as a "montey". Her aunt says "Is this your montey?" Rachel responds by saying "No, montey." Which of the following best explains Rachel's level of language ability?
(a) Rachel can hear the "k" sound in "monkey" but she can't quite produce it yet.
(b) Rachel's utterance is a reduplicated babble.
(c) Rachel can produce two-word utterances.
(d) Rachel can produce the "k" sound but she doesn't want to.

(b) statistical

What learning mechanism is an infant using to detect the auditory patterns in a two minute recording of novel syllables?
(a) social
(b) statistical
(c) innate
(d) language-specific

(b) an analogical representation

When asked to describe your friend, you conjure up a mental image. This would be an example of:
(a) deductive reasoning
(b) an analogical representation
(c) a symbolic representation
(d) none of the above

(d) Guidelines for writing an essay.

Which of the following is an example of a heuristic?
(a) A recipe for making a cake.
(b) Directions to a friend's house.
(c) Instructions for assembling a model car.
(d) Guidelines for writing an essay.

(a) Jane hears on the news that a young child has died following a vaccination so she decides not to vaccinate her child.

Which of the following is an example of the availability heuristic?
(a) Jane hears on the news that a young child has died following a vaccination so she decides not to vaccinate her child.
(b) Richard thinks that John is a surfer because John has long hair, wears board shorts and drives a VW van.
(c) Robert thinks that his neighbour has stolen things from his flat, so he starts looking for evidence of suspicious and guilty behaviour when he sees his neighbour.
(d) Gina suspects that vitamin C prevents colds, and asks 100 people whether they take vitamin C or not and whether or not they have had a cold in the past 6 months.

(b) Learning a principle helped children reason by analogy.

Why did children who were taught an underlying mathematical principle perform better than those who memorised a mathematical formula?
(a) Those taught the principle were better able to apply a means-end strategy when faced with new problems.
(b) Learning a principle helped children reason by analogy.
(c) Memorisation did not encourage deeper processing of learned material.
(d) It is easier to break a mental set when working with an underlying principle rather than a memorised formula.

(b) Binet developed an intelligence test for children after careful consideration of the factors that comprise intelligence.

Which of the following statements about the history of intelligence is NOT true?
(a) Broca believed that he could predict peoples' intelligence by weighing their brains.
(b) Binet developed an intelligence test for children after careful consideration of the factors that comprise intelligence.
(c) Galton developed behavioural measures to try to assess intelligence.
(d) Early attempts to assess and compare intelligence across individuals were influence by existing views about race.

(c) IQ scores predict about a quarter of the variance in school performance

The correlation between IQ scores and school performance averages around .50. From this we can conclude that:
(a) IQ scores predict about half of the variance in school performance
(b) there is no relation between IQ scores and school performance
(c) IQ scores predict about a quarter of the variance in school performance
(d) IQ has the most substantial influence on school performance

(c) greater access to educational opportunities

What is the best explanation for diminishing mean differences in African-American and European-American IQ scores?
(a) changes in genetics
(b) access to different intelligence tests
(c) greater access to educational opportunities
(d) assessment of creative intelligence

(b) observational and cross-sectional

Dr Smith wants to study infants' depth perception. She recruits 6-month-olds, 8-month olds, and 10-month-olds, and examines their behaviour on each side of the visual cliff apparatus. Her study is best described as:
(a) observational and longitudinal
(b) observational and cross-sectional
(c) experimental and longitudinal
(d) experimental and cross-sectional

(c) search for the toy in the last place she found it

Ellen has been playing "find the dolly" with her 8-month-old daughter Ruby. When Ellen moves the toy out of view, Ruby is likely to:
(a) stare at the spot where the toy disappeared
(b) anticipate the future position of the toy
(c) search for the toy in the last place she found it
(d) search for the toy in the last place she saw it

(d) formal operational

Thomas can pass Piaget's diorama test of egocentrism. He displays an understanding of object permanence. When asked "what would it be like to live on Mars?" he replies "I've never been there, but I guess it would be pretty cold and rocky and I'd probably feel lonely." With which Piagetian stage do Thomas' abilities correspond?
(a) sensorimotor
(b) preoperational
(c) concrete operational
(d) formal operational

(c) Piaget emphasised qualitative changes in children's abilities, whereas more modern researchers tend to emphasise quantitative changes.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?
(a) The habituation procedure has been used to show that Piaget overestimated children's abilities.
(b) Children who show the A-not-B error think that the object is hidden in Place A, even though it has really been hidden in Place B.
(c) Piaget emphasised qualitative changes in children's abilities, whereas more modern researchers tend to emphasise quantitative changes.
(d) None of the above.

(d) a gender role

You are visiting a friend in hospital when you see a little girl telling her father that she wants to be a doctor. The father tells her that she should be more concerned about marrying someone with a good salary so that she can stay at home and raise children. The father is describing:
(a) a gender trait
(b) a gender stereotype
(c) a gender bias
(d) a gender role

(c) the principle of minimal sufficiency

Ollie's parents are trying to get him to stop biting his sister. They notice that harsh punishments don't seem to have much effect on Ollie's biting behaviour. When they move to a more subtle form of discipline, it's not long before Ollie starts treating his sister with respect all of the time. This is an example of:
(a) authoritative parenting
(b) authoritarian parenting
(c) the principle of minimal sufficiency
(d) emotional regulation

(a) people who are concerned about what people think of them are more morally advanced than those who are motivated by the threat of punishment

Kohlberg conceptualised moral development as a progression through a series of stages. According to his theory:
(a) people who are concerned about what people think of them are more morally advanced than those who are motivated by the threat of punishment
(b) moral reasoning based on personal principles is followed by moral reasoning based on social or cultural standards of behaviour
(c) morality based on personal fears or desires develops later than moral reasoning based on social conventions
(d) all of the above

(d) None of the above

Which of the following is true of imaginary companions?
(a) Prior to the 1980s, imaginary companions were probably described in spiritual or religious terms.
(b) Around half of imaginary companions are based on real people.
(c) Imaginary companions are slightly more common in boys than girls.
(d) None of the above

(b) differed; did not differ

Butler, Gross, and Hayne (1995) examined the effect of drawing on children's reports about a trip to the fire station. "Draw and tell" and "tell" children ______________ in the amount of details provided during free recall, and ______________ in the accuracy of the information they provided.
(a) differed; differed
(b) differed; did not differ
(c) did not differ; differed
(d) did not differ; did not differ

(d) None of the above

When learning to draw human figures, children progress through a predictable series of stages. Which of the following shows stages in chronological order?
(a) Separation of head and trunk, representation of neck, substance added to limbs, use of profile.
(b) Representation of neck, arms correctly placed, varying expressions, use of profile.
(c) Arms correctly placed, representation of neck, substance added to limbs, varying expressions.
(d) None of the above

(c) more; less

As the questions that interviewers ask children become more specific, children provide ______________ information, and that information becomes ______________ accurate.
(a) less; less
(b) less; more
(c) more; less
(d) more; more

(d) All of the above

Which of the following statements is true about Boyatzis and colleagues' (1995) study looking at the effect of Power Rangers on children's behaviour?
(a) Those who watched Power Rangers committed 7 aggressive acts for every aggressive act committed by a control child.
(b) The lowest rate of aggressive acts was observed for girls in the control group.
(c) The study provides no information about the long-term effects of violent TV on children's behaviour.
(d) All of the above

(c) childhood experiences versus current events

A fundamental difference between psychodynamic and cognitive theorists is the relative importance of:
(a) feelings versus thoughts
(b) reinforcement versus free-will
(c) childhood experiences versus current events
(d) stimuli versus interpretations of stimuli

(a) anhedonia

Symptom(s) of a major depressive episode include:
(a) anhedonia
(b) panic attacks
(c) excessive worry
(d) all of the above

(b) a cognitive model

Dr Katz is currently treating a patient for depression. In his therapeutic approach he pays special attention to the patient's maladaptive thinking processes. He focuses on changing the ways in which the patient interprets negative environmental events. Which model of psychotherapy does Dr Katz most likely subscribe to?
(a) an interpersonal model
(b) a cognitive model
(c) a learning model
(d) a medical model

(b) Maori have higher rates of drug use than both those of NZ European and Asian descent

Demographic data regarding drug and alcohol use in New Zealand has revealed the following:
(a) NZ European rates of hazardous drinking are higher than those for Maori
(b) Maori have higher rates of drug use than both those of NZ European and Asian descent
(c) there are no ethnicity differences with regard to drug and alcohol use
(d) none of the above

(d) the combination of early antisocial behaviour and deviant peers

The strongest predictor of conduct problems is:
(a) early antisocial behaviour
(b) temperament
(c) poor parenting
(d) the combination of early antisocial behaviour and deviant peers

(d) none of the above

A researcher wants to assess the impact of alcohol on cognitive performance. She recruits participants and divides them into two groups. Group A receives alcohol, and Group B receives water. Group A is then tested on a memory task, while Group B is tested on a reaction time task. Group A performs worse than Group B. Based on these results, we can conclude:
(a) alcohol impairs cognitive performance
(b) alcohol impairs cognitive performance relative to a control condition
(c) alcohol may impair cognitive performance on some tasks but not others
(d) none of the above

(c) number of recalled words; time between memorisation and recall test

A researcher wants to study variables that impact long term memory retention. She gives participants different lists of words separated by one hour intervals to memorise. She then has the participants go home and return to be tested either 24, 48, or 72 hours to see how good their memory of the words is. During the recall test, she presents a distractor in the form of random bursts of white noise. In this examples, the measured variable is ______________ and the manipulated variable is ______________.
(a) number of word lists; number of words recalled
(b) number of words memorised; white noise decibel level
(c) number of recalled words; time between memorisation and recall test
(d) number of recalled words; whether the white noise was presented

(d) younger kids recall less information than older kids

Research on the effectiveness of various interview techniques has shown that:
(a) free recall is the most effective way of getting complete and accurate information
(b) open-ended questions lead to unreliable information
(c) the use of body maps facilitates the accurate reporting of more information than other techniques
(d) younger kids recall less information than older kids

(b) yields consistent results; measures what it claims to measure

A reliable test ______________, whereas a valid test ______________.
(a) measures what it claims to measure; predicts real-life behaviour
(b) yields consistent results; measures what it claims to measure
(c) makes sense based on common sense; makes theoretical sense
(d) predicts future behaviour; predicts concurrent behaviour

(c) accommodation

One day, Lucy realises that a horse is not really a "big doggie" but an animal called a "horse." This is an example of:
(a) schematic knowledge
(b) assimilation
(c) accommodation
(d) concept formation

(d) They can't interrelate different dimensions of an experience.

According to Piaget, why do preschool children fail to conserve?
(a) They are too egocentric.
(b) They have not yet begun to accommodate schemas to experience.
(c) They lack a concept of object permanence.
(d) They can't interrelate different dimensions of an experience.

(d) search for the object in the last place he saw it

A mother hides a toy from view after her 12-month-old son has observed it. The infant will probably:
(a) lose interest in the object
(b) continue to stare at the spot where the object disappeared
(c) search for the object in the last place he found it
(d) search for the object in the last place he saw it

(c) the understanding that rules help maintain social order

According to Kohlberg, morality during the conventional level is marked by:
(a) egocentrism
(b) blind adherence to authority
(c) the understanding that rules help maintain social order
(d) the understanding that moral rules apply across all situations and cultures

(b) the earliest form of moral reasoning tends to be based on fears of punishment or the desire for personal gain

According to Kohlberg's view of moral development;
(a) moral reasoning based on personal principles is followed by moral reasoning based on social or cultural standards of behaviour
(b) the earliest form of moral reasoning tends to be based on fears of punishment or the desire for personal gain
(c) morality based on personal fears or desires develops later than moral reasoning based on social conventions
(d) none of the above

(b) gender role

You overhear a mother tell her young son that "boys shouldn't be nurses." What she is referring to is best described as a:
(a) gender train
(b) gender role
(c) gender sterotype
(d) gender bias

(d) None of these statements are true.

Which of the following statements is true?
(a) In Gandelman, vom Saal, and Reinisch's (1977) looking at hormone exposure from "neighbours" in utero, prenatal exposure to female hormones resulted in more female-like behaviours in male mice.
(b) Males show higher levels of all types of aggression than females.
(c) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia occurs when the adrenal glands don't produce enough testosterone.
(d) None of these statements are true.

(d) None of these statements is supported by the literature.

Which of the following claims about children's drawings is supported by the literature?
(a) Drawing can help children to talk about events in their past, but only when they are interviewed within a few days of the event.
(b) Drawings can help researchers to identify individuals with low levels of intellectual functioning.
(c) When children are asked to draw and tell about an emotional event, their drawings provide additional event details.
(d) None of these statements is supported by the literature.

(d) all of the above

Early studies linking imaginary companions with poor psychological adjustment were limited in that they:
(a) based their findings on a small number of individual cases
(b) specifically recruited children with emotional problems
(c) failed to compare outcomes to those of children who did not have imaginary companions
(d) all of the above

(a) Children are less suggestible when interviewed by a high-authority interviewer than when interviewed by a low-authority interviewer.

Which of the following statements about children's testimony is FALSE?
(a) Children are less suggestible when interviewed by a high-authority interviewer than when interviewed by a low-authority interviewer.
(b) Children's free recall accounts tend to be very short.
(c) The same child might be suggestible in one setting but not in another.
(d) Children's early memories are often limited by context dependence.

(c) a third factor might influence both of the variables

The main problem with Huesman et al. 's (1984) study linking boys' preference for violent TV with criminal activity is that:
(a) the effect is likely to be short-lived
(b) television shows were not particularly violent in the 1960s when the study began
(c) a third factor might influence both of the variables
(d) the researchers did not examine the same link in females.

(c) include abilities beyond those needed for good school performance

Both Sternberg's triarchic theory and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences:
(a) are derived from extensive cross-cultural research
(b) involve estimates of fluid and crystallised intelligence
(c) include abilities beyond those needed for good school performance
(d) emphasise environmental factors more than hereditary ones

(b) identifying definitions of words

Which of the following tasks most likely taps crystallised intelligence?
(a) matching rotated 3-dimensional figures
(b) identifying definitions of words
(c) completing number series
(d) recognising patterns across objects

(a) factors other than IQ have a substantial influence on school performance

The correlation between IQ scores and school performance averages around .50. From this we can conclude that:
(a) IQ scores predict about half of the variance in school performance
(b) intelligence is the main predictor of school performance
(c) the environment plays a major role in determining school performance
(d) factors other than IQ have a substantial influence on school performance

(b) Early interventions can make a small but significant long-term increase in intelligence scores.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about intelligence
(a) Intelligence is not related to a person's life expectancy.
(b) Early interventions can make a small but significant long-term increase in intelligence scores.
(c) Studies of twins provide evidence for a genetic but not an environmental contribution to intelligence.
(d) Intelligence scores are related to complex problem solving tasks, but not to simpler tasks measuring reaction times, attention or working memory.

(b) analogical

A TV satellite weather map that shows cloud cover and the outlines of bodies of water could be called a(n) ______ representation.

(a) mental
(b) analogical
(c) hypothetical
(d) symbolic

(c) the availability heuristic

More people die in motorcycle accidents than in plane crashes. If George sees the report of a plane crash on TV days before he intends to fly to Christchurch, and then decides to ride his motorcycle instead, he is making an error due to:
(a) functional fixedness
(b) a confirmation bias
(c) the availability heuristic
(d) the representativeness heuristic

(c) it helps break a mental set

One likely reason that incubation helps in reaching a solution to a problem is that:
(a) it allows for perceptual restructuring
(b) it helps avoid confirmation bias
(c) it helps break a mental set
(d) it allows the solver time to set up subgoals

(a) syntactically correct because function words, and inflections (affixes) are used properly

The sentence, "She olijarred the roke and then blichered the vowst" is:
(a) syntactically correct because function words, and inflections (affixes) are used properly
(b) semantically correct because word class and inflections are used appropriately
(c) syntactically incorrect because the sentence makes no sense
(d) semantically incorrect because the sentence is not structured well

(a) ambiguity

When two sentences have the identical surface structure but differ in their underlying (deep) structure, we have
(a) ambiguity
(b) paraphrase
(c) syntactic error
(d) semantic failure

(b) trouble using closed-class words

What do isolated children like Genie, adult learners of a new language, and Broca's aphasics have in common with respect to language?
(a) a defective capacity for forming mental images from words
(b) trouble using closed-class words
(c) difficulty using gestural and emotional components of speech
(d) deficiencies in comprehending adjectives and adverbs

(c) There may be more than one morpheme within a word.

Which of the following statements regarding morphemes is true?
(a) Rearrangement of the morphemes within an utterance does not alter the meaning of the utterance.
(b) The total number of morphemes is approximately equal to the total number of phonemes.
(c) There may be more than one morpheme within a word.
(d) The total number of morphemes is equal to the total number of words.

(a) Comprehension occurs before production.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about children's acquisition of phonemes, words, and syntax?
(a) Comprehension occurs before production.
(b) Children learn by parents' corrections to their mistakes.
(c) Function components are learned after content components.
(d) Production is limited by the capacity of children's working memory.

(c) stimuli versus interpretations of stimuli

A fundamental difference between behavioural and cognitive theorists is the relative importance of:
(a) feelings versus thoughts
(b) reinforcement versus free-will
(c) stimuli versus interpretations of stimuli
(d) childhood experiences versus current events

(a) Loss of appetite

Symptom(s) of a major depressive episode include:
(a) Loss of appetite
(b) racing thoughts
(c) excessive worry
(d) all of the above

(b) a cognitive model

Dr Katz is currently treating a patient for depression. In his therapeutic approach he pays special attention to the patient's maladaptive thinking processes. He focuses on changing the ways in which the patient interprets negative environmental events. Which model of psychotherapy does Dr Katz most likely subscribe to?
(a) an interpersonal model
(b) a cognitive model
(c) a learning model
(d) a medical model

(d) Highly learned skills can result in interference.

The Stroop colour-naming demonstrates a major point about thinking. What is it?
(a) Most people tend to see almost everything as colour, which can make reading difficult.
(b) People should not try to do multiple tasks simultaneously.
(c) It is important to determine colour preferences and colour dominance of observers.
(d) Highly learned skills can result in interference.

(b) Phonemes were perceived categorically, and non-speech tones were not

In the Categorical Perception lab, it was found that:
(a) Morphemes were perceived categorically, and phonemes were not
(b) Phonemes were perceived categorically, and non-speech tones were not
(c) Non-speech tones were perceived categorically, and phonemes were not
(d) All speech sounds were perceived categorically, regardless of their type

(c) success; success

In the Group Behaviour Lab, participants were expected to make internal attributions for in-group _____, whereas they were expected to make more external attributions for out-group ______.
(a) failure; success
(b) failure; failure
(c) success; success
(d) success; failure

(b) She cannot conclude that feedback helps children's performance because the children might have performed better over time even without the feedback.

A researcher wanted to design a study to test whether regular positive feedback increases children's school performance. First, she assesses how well the children are doing at school. Next, she trains teachers in four classrooms to provide regular positive feedback to the children in their classes. After two months, she reassesses how well the children are doing. She finds that these children who received regular positive feedback have improved in their school assessment. What can the research conclude about the feedback manipulation?
(a) She can conclude that regular positive feedback helps children learn, because their performance improved from the pre- to post-intervention test.
(b) She cannot conclude that feedback helps children's performance because the children might have performed better over time even without the feedback.
(c) She cannot conclude that feedback is beneficial because she should have included at least two forms of feedback in her design so that they could be directly compared.
(d) She can conclude nothing because she should have included a condition of children who received negative feedback.

(a) always lead to a solution

The primary advantage of using algorithms rather than heuristics is that algorithms:
(a) always lead to a solution
(b) are less time consuming
(c) produce conventional solutions
(d) are more readily available

(d) predict school performance

Intelligence tests such as the WAIS/WISC and Stanford-Binet:
(a) measure most of the abilities psychologists consider part of intelligence
(b) measure fluid intelligence rather than crystallised intelligence
(c) have limited reliability
(d) predict school performance

(d) genetic differences are not the source of IQ differences between Americans of
European and African ancestry

The study of children of American military personnel living in Germany after WWII
provides evidence that:
(a) compared to living in Germany, living in America is associated with a small but
significant drop in IQ
(b) between group IQ differences are most likely due to genetic factors
(c) in an enriched environment, between group IQ differences can be diminished but
not eliminated
(d) genetic differences are not the source of IQ differences between Americans of
European and African ancestry

(a) Isabelle is influenced by the representativeness heuristic.

Isabelle claims that when tossing a coin six times, the sequence T H T T H T is more
likely than T T T T T H (T stands for 'tails' and H stands for 'heads'). What would best
describe her behaviour?
(a) Isabelle is influenced by the representativeness heuristic.
(b) Isabelle is subject to a confirmation bias.
(c) Isabelle is using the availability heuristic.
(d) Isabelle is correct.

(d) Failure to see that a CD case can be used to prop open a window.

Which of the following is the best example of functional fixedness?
(a) Trying to use a coin to fix a loose screw.
(b) Unsuccessfully trying to use a paperclip to secure a photo on a wall.
(c) Not recognising that an analogy exists that can be used to solve a problem.
(d) Failure to see that a CD case can be used to prop open a window.

(d) Robert thinks that his neighbour has stolen things from his flat, so he starts
looking for evidence of suspicious and guilty behaviour when he sees his
neighbour.

(a) George suspects that vitamin C prevents colds, and asks 100 people whether
they take vitamin C or not and whether or not they have had a cold in the past
6 months.
(b) Richard thinks that John is a surfer because John has long hair, wears board
shorts, and drives a vw van.
(c) Constance thinks that vitamin C prevents colds, so she conducts an internet search
by typing "vitamin C" and "colds" into google.
(d) Robert thinks that his neighbour has stolen things from his flat, so he starts
looking for evidence of suspicious and guilty behaviour when he sees his
neighbour.

(b) ambiguity; paraphrase

Whereas ___________ is the result of a sentence with two deep structures, ___________
is the result of a sentence with one deep structure and two surface structures.
(a) ambiguity; transformational grammar
(b) ambiguity; paraphrase
(c) semantic transformation; syntactic transformation
(d) paraphrase; ambiguity

(d) timing of acquisition is more important for learning syntax than for learning
semantics

Studies of deaf users of sign language and of second language learners suggest that:
(a) acquisition must occur before children begin school if their language is to be like
that of a native signer/speaker
(b) timing of acquisition is more important for learning a second language than for
learning sign language
(c) timing of acquisition is more important for learning sign language than for
learning a second language
(d) timing of acquisition is more important for learning syntax than for learning
semantics

(c) 'She bringed it to school' to describe a classmate's behaviour; overregularising
the word bring

When a child says ___________ she is ___________.
(a) 'I goed with mummy' when explaining that she went to the store with her mother;
overextending the word go
(b) 'That a cat' when pointing to a dog; underextending the word cat
(c) 'She bringed it to school' to describe a classmate's behaviour; overregularising
the word bring
(d) 'She got moon' when referring to a lamp; overregularising the word moon

(a) "Would you mind getting the door?"; they save face by appearing to not impose
on the listener

Speakers use statements such as ___________ because ___________.
(a) "Would you mind getting the door?"; they save face by appearing to not impose
on the listener
(b) "I can't get that thought out of my head"; they are distancing themselves and the
listener from an unpleasant concept
(c) "Where is the ladies' room?"; they elicit an indirect inference from the listener
(d) "You are pathetic!"; they have given a compliment and now need to bring the
other person down

(c) The hypothesis is supported by research showing that priming occurs when the
spatial primes used in a priming task correspond to the spatial metaphors in the
speaker's language.

Which of the following statements concerning the Whorfian hypothesis is true?
(a) The hypothesis predicts that priming should occur for semantically-related words,
but not semantically-unrelated words.
(b) Research supports the prediction that people speaking languages with only two
colour names perceive colour differently from people who speak languages with
seven or more colour names.
(c) The hypothesis is supported by research showing that priming occurs when the
spatial primes used in a priming task correspond to the spatial metaphors in the
speaker's language.
(d) The hypothesis is supported by research findings that people who speak a
language that has long number terms will have a greater digit span compared to
people who speak a language that has short number terms.

(a) consistency, consensus and distinctiveness

According to Kelly attributions are made on the basis of information relating to:
(a) consistency, consensus and distinctiveness
(b) collectivism, distinctiveness and facilitation
(c) correspondence, inference and logic
(d) distinctiveness and repeated causality

(a) children will imitate observed aggressive acts

Bandura's Bobo doll study revealed that:
(a) children will imitate observed aggressive acts
(b) children will imitate their parents
(c) children will tend to imitate their friends
(d) aggression is the product of a redirected impulse

(a) repeated exposure to any stimulus makes it more appealing

The 'mere exposure effect' suggests that:
(a) repeated exposure to any stimulus makes it more appealing
(b) anxiety increases our attraction to strangers
(c) repeated exposure to a noxious stimulus makes it less appealing
(d) we are less likely to help strangers

(b) there is a weakened sense of personal identity

Deindividuation is a process by which:
(a) there is an enhanced sense of personal identity
(b) there is a weakened sense of personal identity
(c) there is a diffusion of responsibility
(d) strangers become familiar with one another

(c) cognitive dissonance

Festinger suggested that inconsistency between attitudes and behaviour may cause:
(a) cognitive attribution
(b) cognitive complexity
(c) cognitive dissonance
(d) cognitive differentiation

(d) specific attitudes and specific behaviours

Research demonstrates that the relationship between attitudes and behaviour is most
likely to appear when we assess the relation between:
(a) general attitudes and specific behaviours
(b) specific attitudes and general behaviour
(c) general attitudes and general behaviours
(d) specific attitudes and specific behaviours

(d) social facilitation

Zajonc (1980) used cockroaches to illustrate the process of:
(a) social attribution
(b) conformity
(c) deindividuation
(d) social facilitation

(c) the dissonance pipeline

Which of the following has NOT been used by social psychologists as an unobtrusive
method of assessing attitudes?
(a) the bogus pipeline
(b) electromyography
(c) the dissonance pipeline
(d) the lost letter technique

(c) people become more confident of winning after they place a bet

The idea that attitudes change because behaviour changes could be used to explain why:
(a) people become angry when they are frustrated
(b) people generally expect to lose after they place a bet
(c) people become more confident of winning after they place a bet
(d) people are less likely to help others when in large groups

(b) reflect the objective interests of the ingroup

According to Realistic Group Conflict Theory the attitudes and behaviour of ingroup
members towards the outgroup will:
(a) reflect the salient level of social categorisation
(b) reflect the objective interests of the ingroup
(c) reflect the personality of the ingroup leader
(d) reflect the child rearing practices of the ingroup

(b) transitory, controllable causes.

Cutrona (1982) showed that people are more likely to overcome loneliness when it is
attributed to:
(a) internal, stable causes
(b) transitory, controllable causes.
(c) transitory, uncontrollable causes
(d) internal, uncontrollable causes

(d) phallic stage

Theoretically, girls develop an Electra complex during the:
(a) anal stage
(b) oral stage
(c) genital stage
(d) phallic stage

(b) cross-sectional, longitudinal, intervention

Some psychological methods are better for establishing causality than other methods.
Which order listed below, correctly represents the potential of the following methods for
establishing causality:
Least Likely to Establish Causality ⇒ Most Likely to
Establish Causality
(a) cross-sectional, intervention, longitudinal
(b) cross-sectional, longitudinal, intervention
(c) intervention, cross-sectional, longitudinal
(d) longitudinal, cross-sectional, intervention

(b) Children understand more about the world than Piaget gave them credit for.

Which of the following is a typical criticism of Piaget's theory?
(a) Piaget's findings do not replicate when large-scale experiments are conducted.
(b) Children understand more about the world than Piaget gave them credit for.
(c) Before the age of about 12, children in different cultures tend to pass Piagetian
tasks in a different order and at different times.
(d) None of the above.

(d) By 3 months of age infants stare at the spot where an object disappeared.

Which of the following statements about infants' interaction with objects is correct?
(a) By 3 months of age infants grasp and manipulate objects and anticipate the
object's future location.
(b) By 5 months of age infants search for hidden objects.
(c) Not until 5 months do infants turn their head toward a noise.
(d) By 3 months of age infants stare at the spot where an object disappeared.

(b) parents provide support to children at a level only slightly higher than the child's
current level

According to Vygotsky's zone of proximal development:
(a) children become better listeners as they grow older
(b) parents provide support to children at a level only slightly higher than the child's
current level
(c) people who are most likely to survive are those who learn skills efficiently from
others
(d) none of the above

(d) All are equally likely/unlikely.

Two 10-year-old monozygotic twins who have grown up together have different
intellectual abilities. What is the most likely source of their differences?
(a) Differences in the foetal environment.
(b) Differences in parental treatment.
(c) Differences in friends.
(d) All are equally likely/unlikely.

(d) none of the above

Research examining children's play behaviour indicates that by 6 to 8 years of age,
labeling of a game as a "boy's game" or a "girl's game":
(a) no longer has an effect on children's play preferences
(b) no longer has an effect on how well children play the game
(c) has an effect on children's play preferences but not on how well they play the
game
(d) none of the above

(c) From 6 months, babies will give you the right food if you express interest in a
food even if they don't like that food.

Which of the following is true of emotional development?
(a) From birth, basic emotions such as anger, fear and embarrassment are present.
(b) From birth, babies get annoyed if Mum's facial expression and voice tone are
different.
(c) From 6 months, babies will give you the right food if you express interest in a
food even if they don't like that food.
(d) From 3-6 months, babies of depressed mothers will look away from a non-
depressed female.

(a) Children in different cultures do not reason the same way on Kohlberg's tasks.

Which of the following is a typical criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
(a) Children in different cultures do not reason the same way on Kohlberg's tasks.
(b) The stages do not reflect coherent entities.
(c) Children typically do not progress through the stages in the order hypothesised.
(d) All of the above.

(a) individual ratings of discussed questions would move towards the group rating

The main hypothesis in the Social Influence Lab was that:
(a) individual ratings of discussed questions would move towards the group rating
(b) group ratings would move towards the most forceful group members
(c) ratings of non-discussed questions would move away from the group
(d) initial ratings would be less extreme than final ratings

(c) tests the same group of people on different amounts of flattery

Barry designs an experiment to test the effectiveness of flattery on individuals'
willingness to comply with requests. He decides to vary the frequency of receiving
flattery as a within subjects factor, so he:
(a) tests different groups of people who receive similar amounts of flattery
(b) tests different groups of people on different amounts of flattery
(c) tests the same group of people on different amounts of flattery
(d) tests one group of people on two frequencies of flattery, and then tests another
group of people on two different frequencies of flattery

(c) concrete operational

Katie understands object permanence and can pass Piaget's mountain task, but she cannot think in abstract terms. She is most likely in which Piagetian stage?
(a) sensorimotor
(b) preoperational
(c) concrete operational
(d) formal operational

(c) They have a hard time overriding a dominant action.

Most modern researchers suggest that, contrary to Piaget's claims, infants who show the "A-not-B error" do actually know where the hidden object is. Why, then, don't they search in the right place?
(a) They lack hand-eye coordination.
(b) The habituate to the object when it goes out of sight.
(c) They have a hard time overriding a dominant action.
(d) They lack visual discrimination ability.

(a) Because parenting styles can be shaped by children's temperament and abilities.

2. You are reading an article in a parenting magazine. The article claims that parenting style has a direct impact on children's development. Why is this statement unwarranted?
(a) Because parenting styles can be shaped by children's temperament and abilities.
(b) Because no associations have been found between different parenting styles and different developmental outcomes.
(c) Because parents typically change their parenting style as the child gets older.
(d) All of the above.

(d) Conventional; preconventional

Lucy and Phoebe's friend Sam hurts himself and needs a bandage, but the first aid kit is in the teacher's desk, and the children aren't allowed near it. The teacher has gone home for lunch. Phoebe wants to take a bandage because people will think she is a horrible person if she doesn't help Sam. Lucy doesn't want to take a bandage because she doesn't want to get in trouble. Phoebe's reasoning places her in Kohlberg's ____ level; Lucy's reasoning places her in Kohlberg's _____ level.
(a) Preconventional; preconventional
(b) Conventional; conventional
(c) Preconventional; conventional
(d) Conventional; preconventional