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Zhou Dynasty
Overthrew the Shang Dynasty in 1766 BC.
Qin Shi Huangdi
Conquered the warring states and became the first emperor in 221-202 BC.
Han Dynasty
Ruled from 202 BC to 220 AD.
Hagia Sophia
Constructed during the period of 532-537 AD, known as the Holy Wisdom.
Emperor Justinian
Reigned from 537-565 AD.
Minoans
Peaceful culture with advanced architecture, indoor plumbing, and wealth from trade; disappeared mysteriously after Thera eruption, conquered by Mycenaeans.
Mycenaeans
War-like culture with hilltop kingdoms, known for warriors, traders, sailors; fell to Dorian invasion, used Linear B language.
Trojan War
Fought between Trojans and Greeks around 1260-1250 BC; described in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Heinrich Schliemann discovered ancient Troy.
Athenian Democracy
Rule of the people, voting in Athens with show of hands, only male citizens could vote; Pericles created the first democracy in Athens.
Sparta Vs
Sparta known for military training, Athens valued education; Sparta an oligarchy, Athens a democracy.
Greco-Persian War
Greeks vs. Persians, Greeks won; significant battles at Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea.
Greek Golden Age
500-300 BCE, Delian League protected Greeks, Pericles led Athens, Peloponnesian War fought between Athens and Sparta.
Alexander the Great
Macedonian king, conquered at 20, died at 32; influenced by Aristotle, used Phalanx formation in conquests.
Philosophers
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle; philosophy as love of wisdom impacting mathematics, science, history, and political science.
Archaeologists
Sir Arthur Evans found Minoan remains, Heinrich Schliemann found Troy; historians Herodotus and Thucydides recorded Greek history.
Roman Codification of Laws
The first formal codification of Roman laws posted in the middle of the city for all to see, marking a significant turning point for Rome.
Legionaries
Soldiers forming the legions in Rome's army, replacing the large and slow phalanxes in war efforts for expansion and conquest.
Mare Nostrum
Latin for "Our Sea," signifying Rome's control over the Mediterranean Sea.
Punic Wars
A series of three wars fought over disputes, the rise of Hannibal, and the destruction of Carthage, leading to Rome's dominance and territorial expansion.
Decimation
The punishment of killing one in every ten soldiers in a legion for cowardice or disobedience.
Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus
Young men killed for advocating land distribution to the poor, part of the Plebeians/tribunes, marking a significant turning point in the Republic.
Marius
Roman military leader who reformed the army by offering pay and benefits to non-landowners, leading to loyalty and power struggles, contributing to the Republic's decline.
Pax Romana
Latin for "Roman Peace," a period of 200 years marked by peace and economic prosperity in Rome, starting with Augustus Caesar.
Flavian Dynasty
Rulers including Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, who transitioned Rome from a Princeps to an absolute monarch, stabilizing the empire after Nero's reign.
Colosseum & Gladiator Contests
The iconic amphitheater built by Vespasian and Titus for entertainment, hosting gladiatorial contests, animal fights, and other spectacles for the public.
Augustus Caesar
1st emperor of Rome and grandnephew of Julius Caesar
Diocletian
Emperor who divided Rome into Western and Eastern empire
Constantine
Emperor who made persecuting Christians illegal with the Edict of Milan
5 Good Emperors
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius
Julio-Claudian Emperors
Augustus Caesar, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero
Flavian Dynasty Leaders
Vespasian, Titus, Domitian
1st Triumvirate
Julius Caesar, Crassus, Pompey
2nd Triumvirate
Augustus Caesar, Mark Antony, Lepidus
Marius
Julius Caesar’s uncle who reformed the military and gained power
Sulla
Opponent of Marius who killed his supporters
Pax Romana
“Roman Peace”; 200 years of peace and prosperity in Rome
Justinian
Byzantine Emperor at the height of the Byzantine Empire
Empress Theodora
Wife of Emperor Justinian
Confucious
Chinese philosopher during the Warring States period
Qin Shi Huangdi
First emperor of the Qin Dynasty of China
Liu Bang
Founding emperor of the Han Dynasty
Empress Lu
Han Dynasty empress known for creating a strong administration
Han Wudi
Emperor in China's Han Dynasty known as the “martial” emperor
Wang Mang
Attempted to replace the Han Dynasty in China
Xia Dynasty
First Chinese dynasty known by stories
Shang Dynasty
Second Chinese dynasty with written records
Zhou Dynasty
Third Chinese dynasty that used the “Mandate of Heaven”
Qin Dynasty
Fourth Chinese dynasty known for Legalism
Han Dynasty
Fifth Chinese dynasty considered China’s Golden Age
Hagia Sophia
Giant church built during Emperor Justinian’s reign
Constantinople
Capital of the Byzantine Empire
River of Sorrows
Huang River Valley in China
Dynastic Cycle
Belief that rulers needed the Mandate of Heaven
Silk Road
Trade route connecting China to Western countries
Terracotta Army
Army buried with Qin Shi Huangdi
Great Wall of China
Built by Shi Huangdi for protection
Ideographs
Written characters representing ideas
Oracle Bones
Engraved shells and bones with ideographs
Mandate of Heaven
Belief that rulers were favored by heaven
Bureaucracy
System where officials make decisions
Filial Piety
Duty/devotion of children to parents
Qin Centralization
Unification of government/economic/social aspects
Legalism
Harsh rules and strict policies in China
Nero
54 AD to 68 AD.
Augustus Caesar
31 BC to 14 AD.
Peloponnesian War
431 BC.
Persian Wars
479 BC.
Caligula’s reign
37 AD to 41 AD.
Trojan War
1260-1250 BC.
Tiberius’ reign
14 AD to 37 AD.
Claudius’ reign
41 AD to 54 AD.
Persian Empire began attacking greece
499 BC.
Xia Dynasty
(2070-1600 BC)
Shang Dynasty
(1600-1046 BC)
Zhou Dynasty
(1046-476 BC)
Warring states period
(476-221 BC)
Qin Dynasty
(221-202 BC)
Han Dynasty
(202 BC-220 AD)
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