Allied Health I Human Growth and Development Death and Dying Exam

Much of their life centers around school

late childhood

moro reflex and sucking reflex present

infancy

learn to make decisions and accept responsibility for decisions

adolescence

this stage is also called preadolescene

late childhood

weight usually triples

infancy

fears are replaced by the ability to cope and emotions can be controlled

late childhood

formal education continues in a chosen career

early adulthood

frequently called middle age

middle adulthood

most productive life stage

early adulthood

early in this stage they play along side others rather than with others

early childhood

begin to understand abstract concepts such as loyalty, values, morals, etc.

late childhood

often feel inadequate and insecure

adolescence

average weight is 45 pounds

early childhood

move away from the family to associate with peer groups

adolescence

puberty occurs

adolescence

persons in this stage like routines

early childhood

weight gain averages 5-7 pounds a year

late childhood

eating disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, and suicides are frequently associated with this stage

adolescence

respond to discomforts by crying

infancy

career choices, values, lifestyles, and a marriage partner are usually chosen

early adulthood

are treated as both children and adults

adolescence

recent memory may start to decline

late adulthood

the person’s children begin lives of their own and these people often die in this stage

middle adulthood

respond more and more to peer pressure

adolescence

depend on others for all needs

infancy

childbearing stage

early adulthood

emotional changes due to sexual maturation can cause these individuals to be restless, anxious, and difficult to understand

late childhood

retirement leads to a loss os self esteem and identity is is strong associated with self-identity

late adulthood

hair starts to become gray, skin wrinkles, and tend to gain weight

middle adulthood

have acquired an understanding of life

middle adulthood

average height is 46 inches

early childhood

toward the end of this stage begin to be aware of the opposite sex

late childhood

females go through menopause and male hormones decrease in production

middle adulthood

divorce rates skyrocket as couples who stayed together for the sake of the children separate

middle adulthood

begin to make decisions based on logic

early childhood

physical changed occur drastically and this is often a traumatic stage

adolescence

associated with others with similar ambitions and interests regardless of age

early adulthood

more confident decision makers and excellent at analyzing situations

middle adulthood

begin this stage preferring to do things by themselves (not in groups). By the end of this stage they gradually move away from their parents and their dependency on them

late childhood

alzheimers and arteriosclerosis may appear

late adulthood

learn to accept criticism and profit from mistakes

early adulthood

very involved with family and mate

early adulthood

begin to recognize people who care for them

infancy

social growth goes from being self-centered to being very social

early childhood

emotional status varies depending on events occurring in this stage

middle adulthood

the emotional adjustments that individuals make at this stage will be similar to adjustments made previously throughout life

late adulthood

being to develop self-awareness

early childhood

shy with strangers but socialize freely with familiar people

infancy

vocabulary grows from a few words to 1500-2000 words

early childhood

senior citizen or golden age groups can provide for needed socialization

late adulthood

find satisfaction in achievements

early adulthood

at the end of childrearing

middle adulthood

persons in this stage often referred to as elderly or retired

late adulthood

retirement, death of friends and spouse, may necessitate emotional adjustments

late adulthood

a psychological disorder in which a person drastically reduces food intake or refuses to eat at all is called

anorexia nervosa

a psychological disorder in which a person alternately eats excessively and fast or refuses to eat at all is called

bulimia

if a person induces vomiting or uses laxatives to get rid of food the disorder is called

bulimarexia

the development of a physical or mental dependency on a drug or alcohol is called

chemical abuse

killing oneself, one of the leading causes of death in adolescents, is called

suicide

Bulimia, anorexia nervosa, chemical abuse, and suicide must all be medically treated in which way

Through psychological and psychiatric treatments

Denial

The “No, not me!” stage, which usually occurs when a person is first told of a terminal illness. It occurs when the person cannot accept the reality of death or when the person feels loved ones cannot accept the truth. The person may make statements such as “The doctor does not know what he is talking about” or “The tests have to be wrong.” Some patients seek second med- ical opinions or request additional tests. Others refuse to discuss their situations and avoid any references to their illnesses. It is important for patients to discuss these feel- ings. The health care worker should listen to a patient and try to provide support without confirming or deny- ing. Statements such as “It must be hard for you” or “You feel additional tests will help?” will allow the patient to express feelings and move on to the next stage.

Anger

occurs when the patient is no longer able to deny death. Statements such as “Why me?” or “It’s your fault” are common. Patients may strike out at anyone who comes in contact with them and become hostile and bitter. They may blame themselves, their loved ones, or health care personnel for their illnesses. It is important for the health care worker to understand that this anger is not a personal attack; the anger is caused by the situation the patient is experiencing. Providing understanding and sup- port, listening, and making every attempt to respond to the patient’s demands quickly and with kindness is essential during this stage. This stage continues until the anger is exhausted or the patient must attend to other concerns.

Bargaining

occurs when patients accept death but want more time to live. Frequently, this is a period when patients turn to religion and spiritual beliefs. At this point, the will to live is strong, and patients fight hard to achieve goals set. They want to see their children graduate or get married, they want time to arrange care for their families, they want to hold new grandchildren, or other similar desires. Patients make promises to God in order to obtain more time. Health care workers must again be supportive and be good listeners. Whenever possible, they should help patients meet their goals.

Depression

occurs when patients realize that death will come soon and they will no longer be with their families or be able to complete their goals. They may express these regrets, or they may withdraw and become quiet (Figure 8–14). They experience great sadness and, at times, overwhelming despair. It is important for health care workers to let patients know that it is “OK” to be depressed. Providing quiet understanding, support, and/or a simple touch, and allowing patients to cry or express grief are important during this stage.

Acceptance

final stage. Patients understand and accept the fact that they are going to die. Patients may complete unfinished business and try to help those around them deal with the oncoming death. Gradually, patients separate themselves from the world and other people. At the end, they are at peace and can die with dignity. During this final stage, patients still need emotional support and the presence of others, even if it is just the touch of a hand

Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs (Bottom to top)

Physiological needs. Safety and Security. Love and Affection. Esteem. Self-actualization.

Physiological needs

Food, Water, Oxygen, Elimination of waste Protection from temperature extremes, Sleep

safety and security

Free from fear and anxiety, Feel secure in the environment

love and affection

Feel sense of belonging,
Can give and receive friendship and love

esteem

Self-respect,
Has approval of others

self-actualization

Obtain full potential, Confident, Self-secure