Psychiatry - Module16B 2027 Ratio

A. Protects the rights of people with mental disorders

This is true of the Philippine Mental Health Act.

A. Protects the rights of people with mental disorders

B. Protects the rights of physicians

C. Protects the rights off abused children and women

D. Protects the rights of the Department of Health

D. National Center for Mental Health

Which tertiary mental healthcare facility accounts for 67% of available psychiatric nationwide?

A. Mariveles Mental Hospital

B. Philippine General Hospital - Psychology Section

C. Amang Rodriguez Medical Center

D. National Center for Mental Health

A. Understand the complex relationships between emotional and medical illnesses

Which of the ff statements about Psychiatrists is true?

A. Understand the complex relationships between emotional and medical illnesses

B. Exclusively the only ones allowed to treat mental health condition

C. Unable to conduct psychotherapy for psychotic or neurotic patients

D. Do not need to pass the medical licensure exam of the country

B. Consultation Liaison

Medically-ill patients who develop behavioral changes or depression and anxiety while in the ward may be referred to psychiatry. What subspecialty of psychiatry would this be?

A. Child & Adolescent

B. Consultation Liaison

C. Neuropsychiatry

D. General or Adult

C. Forensic

Cases of abused children and women need to be referred for evaluation so as to present a psychiatric report to the court to which psychiatric sub specialization?

A. Child & Adolescent

B. Consultation Liaison

C. Forensic

D. Social & Community

B. Authoritative

This type of parenting is supposed to be the best type of parenting style in which parents encourage their children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions.

A. Authoritarian

B. Authoritative

C. Neglectful parenting

D. Indulgent parenting

A. Goodness of fit

Refers to the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

A. Goodness of fit

B. Attachment

C. Perfect match

D. Bonding

A. Bonding

The formation of a close connection, especially a physical bond, between parents and their newborn in the period shortly after birth

A. Bonding

B. Imprinting

C. Attachment

D. Object Permanence

D. Focus observation, practicing learned behaviour, willing to continue

What are the steps in modelling process according to Albert Bandura?

A. Observation, retention of information, practicing relentlessly

B. Copying of admired person’s behaviour, motivated to practice

C. Reproduction of another person’s behaviour, willing to continue practicing

D. Focus observation, practicing learned behaviour, willing to continue

C. Rebellious

What is true about later-born children?

A. Achievers

B. Intelligent

C. Rebellious

D. Conscientious

B. Behavioral

What perspective of personality development would believe in disciplining a child to teach him how to behave properly i.e. giving a reward for good deeds and withdrawal of reward for bad deeds?

A. Biological

B. Behavioral

C. Psychodynamic

D. Sociocultural

A. Neglectful

If parents are too busy with their work and own social life, what type of parenting might they applying to their children?

A. Neglectful

B. Indulgent

C. Authoritarian

D. Authoritative

A. Lack of self-control, incompetent

If parents tend to spoil their children and give in to most of their demands, what type of adults will these children become?

A. Lack of self-control, incompetent

B. Kind and generous

C. Thoughtful, helpful

D. Studious, diligent

A. Attachment

A lasting psychological connectedness between human beings

A. Attachment

B. Community

C. Relationships

D. Imprinting

A. Consequences of a response determine the probability of it being repeated

Which of the following statements regarding operant conditioning is TRUE?

A. Consequences of a response determine the probability of it being repeated

B. The behavioral perspective believes in biological determinism

C. Punished behaviors will occur more frequently

D. Reinforced behavior will occur less frequently

B. Normality as health

Traditional approach

A. Normality as process

B. Normality as health

C. Normality as average

D. Normality as utopia

D. Normality as utopia

Harmonious and optimal functioning

A. Normality as process

B. Normality as health

C. Normality as average

D. Normality as utopia

C. Normality as average

Based on bell-shaped curve

A. Normality as process

B. Normality as health

C. Normality as average

D. Normality as utopia

A. Normality as process

The end result of interacting systems

A. Normality as process

B. Normality as health

C. Normality as average

D. Normality as utopia

B. Normality as health

No manifest pathology is present

A. Normality as process

B. Normality as health

C. Normality as average

D. Normality as utopia

C. Normality as average

Employed in normative studies of behavior

A. Normality as process

B. Normality as health

C. Normality as average

D. Normality as utopia

A. Normality as process

Continuously unfolding process over time

A. Normality as process

B. Normality as health

C. Normality as average

D. Normality as utopia

A. Sigmund Freud

Mental health as above normal

A. Sigmund Freud

B. Erik Erikson

C. Melanie Klein

B. Erik Erikson

Mental health as maturity

A. Sigmund Freud

B. Erik Erikson

C. Melanie Klein

D. Aristotle

Mental health as socioemotional intelligence

A. Sigmund Freud

B. Erik Erikson

C. Melanie Klein

D. Aristotle

A. Normal Autistic Phase

The infant is seen as detached and self-absorbed in which phase of the separation-individuation theory?

A. Normal Autistic Phase

B. Normal Symbiotic Phase

C. Separation-individuation Phase

D. Object Constancy Phase

C. 16-24 months

Rapproachement happens in which age range?

A. 5-10 months

B. 10-16 months

C. 16-24 months

D. 24-36 months

D. Symbiosis

Which is defined as the sate of fusion between infant and mother in which self and not-self are not yet differentiated and in which there is only the faintest awareness of the distinction between inner and outer experience?

A. Object Constancy

B. Separation

C. Individuation

D. Symbiosis

C. Formation of the stable images or mental representations of the self and of the other

Which of the following is the task of the Object Constancy subphase?

A. Sharing of discoveries with the mother

B. Achievement of homeostatic equilibrium of the organism with the new environment

C. Formation of the stable images or mental representations of the self and of the other

D. Acquisition of the capacity for quadruped locomotion for exploration

B. Individuation

Which is defined as the development of the infant’s ego, sense of identity, and cognitive abilities?

A. Symbiosis

B. Individuation

C. Object Permanence

D. Object Constancy

D. Penis envy, Ambition

At which stage do children gain pleasure in urination, which according to Freud can be manifested as _____ and _____?

A. Castration Anxiety, Homosexuality

B. Urethral Pleasure, Enuresis

C. Masturbation, Pride

D. Penis envy, Ambition

A. Gender Identity, Sexual Disorder

Problems in the resolution of the Oedipal Complex may lead to the following disorders:

A. Gender Identity, Sexual Disorder

B. Obsessive Compulsive Personality

C. Sadomasochistic Personality

D. Narcissism, Pessimism

A. Addiction

Over gratification at the oral stage may result in fixation and manifested in adolescence or adulthood as this psychopathology

A. Addiction

B. Depression

C. Dependence

D. Optimism

B. Messy, defiant

If parent is too strict with toilet training and all of toddler’s activities the child might become

A. Angry, aggressie

B. Messy, defiant

C. Undisciplined, disorderly

D. Perfectionist, rigid

A. Chewing, spitting, and biting

Oral aggression is expressed through?

A. Chewing, spitting, and biting

B. Wish to eat, sleep, or relax

C. Hunger, thirst, tactile stimulation

D. Sucking, rooting reflexes

B. Identification

Hero worship during the latency stage of the psychosexual development accdg to Freud is a means of ______.

A. Imitation

B. Identification

C. Individuation

D. Integration

B. Establish a mature, non-incestuous, heterosexual object relations

The objectives of the genital stage according to Freud is to:

A. Develop friendships with other children of the same sex

B. Establish a mature, non-incestuous, heterosexual object relations

C. Resolve the Electra Complex by repression of sexual fantasies

D. Gain urethral control as noted in competence-based performance

A. Ability to cooperate willingly without excessive willfulness

Resolution of the anal stage of psychosexual development should lead in the ff:

A. Ability to cooperate willingly without excessive willfulness

B. Ability to give and receive from others without becoming too dependent

C. Ability to overcome guilt regarding sexual interests and sublimating in arts

D. Ability to get married and have a baby

C. Narcissism, demandingness

Oral deprivation according to Freud may result in

A. Obstinancy, frugality

B. Sadomasochism, pessimism

C. Narcissism, demandingness

D. Inadequacy, incompetence

D. Emulating heroes and preferring to play with other children of the same sex

The latency stage is characterized by ff behaviors of children

A. Putting everything his mouth to explore the world

B. Finding pleasure in defecating or holding feces when appropriate

C. Playing doctor patient or acting like mother and father in their house

D. Emulating heroes and preferring to play with other children of the same sex

A. Running away, vandalism, cheating on exams.

When parents control their teen's choice of career or profession, what problematic behavior may ensue if the teen is unable to resolve this psychosocial stage?

A. Running away, vandalism, cheating on exams.

B. Having tantrums, arguing, and answering back to parents

C. Entering a convent to become a nun and escaping parents

D. Eloping with his/her girlfriend and working at Jollibee

B. Will

In this stage, the child should develop this virtue according to Erikson when parents have to apply just the right amount of control and discipline.

A. Trust

B. Will

C. Purpose

D. Hope

A. Love

After several years of marriage. a couple in their 60's decide to have their marriage annulled, indicates that they have not actually achieved the virtue of

A. Love

B. Fidelity

C. Loyalty

D. Wisdom

D. Despair

An old man feels his life has been one big mistake and has been wanting to die after he retired and lost his wife to cancer. According to Erikson what has he developed from the crisis point of this psychosocial stage?

A. Doubt

B. Isolation

C. Stagnation

D. Despair

C. Stagnation

Bringing up children to be dedicated only to their family’s welfare indicates that this parent has resulted in __________ based on the psychosocial stages of Erikson

A. Intimacy

B. Generativity

C. Stagnation

D. Isolation

C. Inferiority

If parents are never satisfied with the high marks of their children, the child will develop

A. Self-doubt

B. Shame

C. Inferiority

D. Guilt

B. Initiative

When a preschool child can decide what to wear and not scolded for getting a chair to reach for a toy he wants to play with, he has developed

A. Autonomy

B. Initiative

C. Industry

D. Identity

B. Mistrust

If parents ignore their baby when latter cries or fusses mau result in developing this with later relationships according to Erikson

A. Trust

B. Mistrust

C. Individuation

D. Integration

B. Imparting Christian values and coping skills to her mentees

A single 40-year-old woman who teaches in a medical school may attain generativity by

A. Showing a good example of following the health protocol issued by DOH

B. Imparting Christian values and coping skills to her mentees

C. Getting married and raising children with her husband

D. Investing money in building schools that are innovative and environmentally sound

D. Fidelity

An ability to stand up for one’s beliefs and decisions to finish art school by getting a student load despite parental disapproval is indicative of what virtue?

A. Fortitude

B. Perseverance

C. Commitment

D. Fidelity

C. Tertiary circular reaction

When a child seeks out new experiences such as inserting objects in a box or shaking the chair to get a toy; what cognitive development is depicted?

A. Primary circular reaction

B. Secondary circular reaction

C. Tertiary circular reaction

D. Symbolic thought

B. Conservation, Concrete Operational

This ability to recognize that although shape of object change, they still retain other characteristics _______ and this is noted at this stage of _______ cognitive development according to Piaget.

A. Syllogistic reasoning, Concrete Operational

B. Conservation, Concrete Operational

C. Deductive reasoning, Formal Operational

D. Abstraction, Formal Operational

D. Universal Ethical Principles

Solidarity among all nations during the time of pandemic wherein the rich nations supply the poorer nations with vaccine against the Corona Virus simultaneously as they vaccinate their own population would be due to their attainment of this level of moral development

A. Law & Order

B. True Morality

C. Social Contract

D. Universal Ethical Principles

B. Animistic

Child who can't find his slippers will think that they ran away from him and got lost on their own; what kind of thinking is this called?

A. Egocentric

B. Animistic

C. Symbolic

D. Illogical

C. Law and Order

Following traffic rules and regulations even where there is no enforcer/police watching indicates that this driver has achieved this level of moral development.

A. Might is right

B. Good boy

C. Law and Order

D. Universal principles

C. Concrete Operational

Reversibility of processes such as understanding that water can be in the form of ice or liquid is observed in a child at this cognitive stage of development.

A. Sensorimotor

B. Pre operational

C. Concrete Operational

D. Formal operational

D. Deductive reasoning

“If I take ecstasy I run the risk of becoming psychotic and dying of dehydration” is considered as __________ according to Paiget’s theory on cognitive development.

A. Egocentric thinking

B. Phenomenalistic causality

C. Logical reasoning

D. Deductive reasoning

B. “I want it and I dont care what it takes to get it”

Children who grab toys or criminals who steal money from people in the streets yet justify their illegal behvaior probably live by this moral dictum.

A. “I want it now”

B. “I want it and I dont care what it takes to get it”

C. “Might is right”

D. “Don’t do unto others what you would not want others to do to you”

A. Might is right

Motorbike rider or public vehicle drivers who don't follow the traffic rules when there are no policemen or CCTV cameras behave as children who are at this level of moral development may be depicted by which moral dictum?

A. Might is right

B. You scratch my back, i’ll scratch your back

C. An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth

D. Good boy/nice girl

C. Instrumental Relativism

Drug pushers find nothing wrong in selling drugs since they earn millions while giving pleasure to the addicts. This is indicative of this moral development that believes in this dictum:

A. The end justifies the means

B. Punishment & Obedience Orientation

C. Instrumental Relativism

D. Interpersonal Concordance

C. School Age

At what stage does a person realize that death is irreversible, permanent, and universal?

A. Toddler

B. Preschool

C. School Age

D. Adolescence

A. Denial

After finding out that her daughter had a rare but fatal brain tumor, the mother went doctor shopping and searching for a cure in many countries just to save her daughter’s life. How would you describe her reaction to this news?

A. Denial

B. Anger

C. Bargaining

D. Depression

D. Who will take care of her grandkids

What are the concerns of the elderly who are becoming weaker and nearing death?

A. Past rental expenses

B. Missing out on Zumba classes

C. Becoming wrinkled and ugly

D. Who will take care of her grandkids

B. Anger

A man who lost his ability to walk after a vehicular accident was noted to be sarcastic and uncooperative with the nurses, always complaining of pain and their inefficiency. What might you consider is his reaction to his illness?

A. Denial

B. Anger

C. Depression

D. Acceptance

D. Depression

After losing a loved one to the COVID pandemic, a wife began to feel worthless and blamed herself for her husband's death, not eating or sleeping. What type of reaction is this?

A. Grief

B. Mourning

C. Bereavement

D. Depression

D. Acceptance

An old man who is writing his will, writing thank you notes and asking forgiveness from those he has offended is most likely in what stage in the process of dying?

A. Anger

B. Bargaining

C. Depression

D. Acceptance

C. Bargaining

A terminally ill patient prays to God that he will donate to charity as soon as he is healed from his illness is what stage of death and dying according to Kubler Ross?

A. Denial

B. Anger

C. Bargaining

D. Acceptance

C. Provide an environment of safety in which people can talk about uncertainties, anxieties, and concerns

When dealing with adults faced with death, healthcare workers should:

A. Instill positivity and give hope to the patient, even if prognosis may say otherwise

B. Not engage in conversations with the patient, as it may exacerbate existing negative feelings

C. Provide an environment of safety in which people can talk about uncertainties, anxieties, and concerns

D. Refer patients to another healthcare worker that may be able to better relate to the patient

B. Nurturing

What would be the best approach for parents and hospital staff towards a 5-year-old child admitted for appendicitis?

A. Angry

B. Nurturing

C. Indifferent

D. Professional

D. To obtain information that will establish a criteria-based diagnosis

What is the purpose of the initial interview?

A. To develop a multidimensional understanding of the biopsychosocial elements of the disorder

B. To increase the patient's expectations of improvement

C. To maximize the patient's hope for the future

D. To obtain information that will establish a criteria-based diagnosis

B. If the patient intends to harm someone, the psychiatrist has the legal obligation to warn the potential victim

What statement is true about confidentiality?

A. If a family member wants to talk to the psychiatrist, it is preferable to talk to that family member alone at the conclusion of the session

B. If the patient intends to harm someone, the psychiatrist has the legal obligation to warn the potential victim

C. In cases of forensic psychiatry, it is okay not to tell the patient that the session is not confidential

D. The patient’s consent is not necessary for the use of one-way mirror

C. Ask his consent for procedures and answer his questions honestly

How can the doctor and hospital staff best approach a teenager who has been admitted for peptic ulcer disease?

A. Hush behind his back and keeping him ignorant of the therapeutic plans

B. Talk only to the parents regarding blood extractions and other lab work ups

C. Ask his consent for procedures and answer his questions honestly

D. Treat him like an invalid by spoon feeding him and giving in to all his whims

A. Empathy

This term means understanding what the patient is thinking and feeling and it occurs when the psychiatrist is able to put himself or herself in the patient's place while at the same time maintaining objectivity.

A. Empathy

B. Rapport

C. Respect

D. Sympathy

B. Identification can also be draining to the psychiatrist and lead to disengagement and ultimately burnout.

What is true about empathy?

A. An essential ingredient in empathy is retaining subjectivity.

B. Identification can also be draining to the psychiatrist and lead to disengagement and ultimately burnout.

C. If the psychiatrist is uncertain about the patient's experience, it is often best to guess but to encourage the patient to continue.

D. Large majority of empathic responses in an interview are verbal.

A. Countertransference

This is the process where the physician unconsciously displaces onto the patient patterns of behaviors or emotional reactions as if he or she were a significant figure from earlier in the physician's life.

A. Countertransference

B. Projection

C. Displacement

D. Transference

D. Transference

This is the process of the patient unconsciously and inappropriately displacing onto individuals in his or her current life those patterns of behavior and emotional reactions that originated with significant figures from earlier in life, often childhood

A. Countertransference

B. Displacement

C. Repression

D. Transference

D. Once issues of safety have been assessed, the interviewer should inquire about the patient’s comfort and continue to be alert to the patient’s comfort throughout the interview

What is true about the statements below?

A. In emergency room settings, it is generally advisable for the interviewer to have a clear, encumbered exit path

B. On occasion, especially in hospital or emergency room settings, this may require that other staff be present or that the door to the room where the interview is conducted be left closed for confidentiality

C. Sometimes it is useful to implicitly state, and sometimes demonstrate, that there are sufficient staff to prevent a situation from spiraling out of control

D. Once issues of safety have been assessed, the interviewer should inquire about the patient’s comfort and continue to be alert to the patient’s comfort throughout the interview

B. The focus should be on understanding the patient and enabling the patient to tell his or her story.

What is best during patient-centered interview?

A. An appreciation of the experiences of the patient and their impact on the person is optional in forming an understanding of the patient.

B. The focus should be on understanding the patient and enabling the patient to tell his or her story.

C. The individuality of the patient's experience is unimportant.

D. The patient's early life experiences, family, education, occupation(s), religious beliefs and practices, hobbies, talents, relationships, and losses are some of the areas that, in concert with genetic and biological variables, is not a factor to the development of the personality.

A. It interferes with the therapeutic objectives of treatment.

What is true about the statements below about Resistance?

A. It interferes with the therapeutic objectives of treatment.

B. Patients are aware of the conflicts that may be central to their illness.

C. Resistance is a conscious process.

D. Resistance may be fueled by suppression.

C. Retaining objectivity

An essential ingredient in empathy.

A. Retaining rapport

B. Retaining respect

C. Retaining objectivity

D. Retaining subjectivity

A. Marital, Sexual, and Occupational history

What should be included in the Social History?

A. Marital, Sexual, and Occupational history

B. Prenatal and perinatal events

C. Familial medical and psychiatric illnesses

D. Important events in patient’s life

C. Social Activity

LB enjoyed going out with friends, many of whom he had known since childhood. He enjoyed skateboarding, biking, or playing basketball with them in their subdivision almost every day after school. His parents didn’t allow him to go drinking as he was still a minor but on his 15th birthday allowed him to drink beer at his party in their home. In what part of the psychiatric history will this be written?

A. Family Timeline

B. Social History

C. Social Activity

D. Adolescence

A. Military history

“JT was an ROTC officer in College and later joined the PNP where he served for a couple years but resigned due to his disillusionment regarding the integrity of the police force. He didn’t want to be further influenced into their corrupt ways.” This would be included in what part of the psychiatric history?

A. Military history

B. Social history

C. Legal history

D. Occupational history

B. Family Profile

JK, 29-year old single, eldest brother, worked as a content moderator for Internet Company was described as wise, generous, and protective especially of the patient. He was like a second parent to all his younger siblings. In what part of the psychiatric history would this be included?

A. General Data

B. Family Profile

C. Social History

D. Current Living Situation

B. To know which hemisphere of his brain is dominant

What is the relevance of indicating the handedness in general data?

A. To know which hand will be used to sign his name

B. To know which hemisphere of his brain is dominant

C. To know on which side of the patient we should stand

D. To know if he has right left orientation

C. Family timeline

“KL was born in the time of the pandemic when his parents were just starting to rent an apartment on their own; at 2 years old his grandparents both died of Covid and his parents moved into their ancestral home with his maternal relatives as his maternal aunts were still studying. A year later his baby sister was born.” This would be included in what part of the psychiatric history?

A. General data

B. Family profile

C. Family timeline

D. Family history

B. Infancy, Preschool

In what part of the psychiatric history would it be important to ask regarding feeding and sleeping patterns of the patient?

A. Prenatal, Perinatal

B. Infancy, Preschool

C. Toddler, Elementary

D. Adolescence, Adulthood

C. Preschool & adolescence

In what part of the Developmental History would it be important to ask about masturbatory behavior of the patient?

A. Infancy & toddlerhood

B. Early & middle childhood

C. Preschool & adolescence

D. Elementary & late childhood

C. Educational

GY was 17 years old when she moved to the Philippines and had to repeat her highschool as she didn’t know tagalog. She enrolled in a public school where she was an average student and her favorite subject was Physical Education where she became part of the volleyball team. Later she opted to study in law ash she would be the first in her family to do so. What part of the social history would be included?

A. Adolescence

B. Social Activity

C. Educational

D. Occupational

D. How does religion affect your life?

Which is the most relevant question to ask when taking the religious history of the patient?

A. What is your religion?

B. Do you practice your religion?

C. Does everyone in your family have the same religion?

D. How does religion affect your life?

D. Marital and relationship History

“What attracted you to your current partner? How do you get along with each other? What do you argue or fight about? How do you resolve misunderstandings and conflict?” are questions to ask when eliciting this part of the psychiatric history.

A. Social Activity

B. Sexual History

C. Adulthood

D. Marital and relationship History

B. Occupational history

“What were your dreams and aspirations as a teenager? How did you choose your profession? How do you get along with your peers, subordinates and superiors at work?” These questions are asked to elicit this part of psychiatric history.

A. Educational history

B. Occupational history

C. Adolescence

D. Adulthood

A. Age, sex, sibling order, medical/psychiatric illness

Genogram includes the ff information

A. Age, sex, sibling order, medical/psychiatric illness

B. Family relationships, role, personality of each member

C. General data of each member & their family dynamics

D. Family events from the time patients was born till the present time

A. How did you learn about sexual issues?

What initial questions should a doctor ask a patient when eliciting Sexual History?

A. How did you learn about sexual issues?

B. Are you gay? What is your sexual preference?

C. What are your future plans with your current partner?

D. Have you ever been sexually abused

C. Medical and psychiatric illnesses

What would most likely NOT be included in describing Adulthood history of a patient?

A. Feelings of anxiety and depression

B. Current issues that are disturbing for the patient

C. Medical and psychiatric illnesses

D. Work function and social relationships

D. Sexual or religious history of other members

When describing the family profile the doctor need NOT include the ff about each and every family member

A. Name, age, profession, personality

B. Role & Relationships with every other member

C. Medical & psychiatric illness

D. Sexual or religious history of other members

B. Adolescence

When did you notice development of breasts, facial hair or changes in your voice? When did you have crushes or try smoking cigarettes? What were your interests and hobbies?" are some of the questions we ask when gathering information about what part of the psychiatric history?

A. Elementary age

B. Adolescence

C. Sexual history

D. Adulthood

D. Exact residential address, languages spoken at home

Current living situation would probably NOT include the ff details

A. Nudity, privacy of bathroom and sleeping arrangements

B. Family income, people living with patient, family roles

C. Materials used to build their house, frequency of garbage collection

D. Exact residential address, languages spoken at home

A. Have you served in the military? For how long?

In eliciting the Legal History; the doctor which would most likely NOT be a question to ask for this part of the psychiatric history?

A. Have you served in the military? For how long?

B. Have you ever been in a fight? What happened?

C. Have you ever gotten a ticket for a traffic violation?

D. Have you ever filed a case against any ge in the barangay or in court?

B. Ability to brush teeth, dress up, and answer the phone

What are the expected milestones one should ask about the preschool years?

A. Ability to urinate and defecate in the bathroom

B. Ability to brush teeth, dress up, and answer the phone

C. Ability to eat and sleep well; walk or go up the stairs alone

D. Ability to read & write; add & multiply numbers