Geography- Regenerating place

Classification of economic activity

Primary- Extraction of raw materials- rural UK

secondary- Manufacturing raw materials- Conurbations- Merseyside

Tertiary- Service sector- All UK

Quaternary- Research + design- Large well connected cities e.g. London, M4 corridor

Quinary- Knowledge management- London, large cities

How do sectors change over time

Regeneration definition

Improve place or system to make it more successful + active, it is a long term process to reverse decline through bespoke solutions that create lasting improvements for the community, economy and environment through sustainable redevelopment.

Sustainability definition

Meeting needs of current generation without compromising the needs of futures generations

Regeneration, Rebranding, Reimaging definitaon

Regeneration- place making- long term upgrading- connected to rebranding

Rebranding- place marketing- new look/ reputation, involves reimaging area

Reimaging- making a place more attractive + desirable to live + invest in

Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient (equation)

• used to discover the strength of a link between 2 data sets

R= rank

d²= difference between two ranks ( then square the it)

n= number of data sets e.g. number of places

n³= cube n

1= strong positive correlation

0= weak correlation

Spearman Rank Significance table

• to test the significant of the rank the R value must be tested

• Work out degree of freedom- number of pairs -2 (n-2) this number is your df- find it on the table

• If your R value is greater than the a= 0.05 ( critical value) value then you can be sure that the results are 95% reliable

• If your R value is greater than the a= 0.01 (critical value ) value then you can be sure the results are 99% reliable

The link between economic activity and social indicators/ quality of the life indices

Even in the UK there are tremendous inequalities in level of pay and types of work

How can economic activity be measured

can be measured by employment and output data (locations quotients, gross domestic products + gross value added)

What is location quotient

a mapable ratio which helps shows specialisation in any date distribution being studied. A figure equal to or close to 1.00 suggests national and local patterns are similar with no particular specialisation, such as retailing. LQs over one show a concentration of that type of employment locally

Gross domestic product definition

is the broadest quantitive measure of nation’s total economic activity. More specifically GDP represents the monetary value of all goods and services produced within a nation’s geographic borders over a specified period of time.

Gross value added defintion

Measures the contribution of the economy of each individual producer, industry or sector. It is used in calculating GDP

Variation in average salaries in UK

Greater in cities than in rural areas

• London- average weekly salary= £851

Dover- average weekly salary= £608

• N/S divide- London= £851 vs Manchester= £610

Variation in industry in UK

primary= very small + mainly in rural areas e.g. Wales 9% (no primary in areas around cities

also small amounts of secondary as it is cheaper to import in from overseas (food manufacturing= highest in rural areas but still low)

tertiary= more jobs, food + beverages= high in Scarborough (7%) and 7.1% in central London

main sectors= quaternary + quinary= tend to be closer to cities

Is their a correlation between high income + employment type?

Low + high examples

• high income areas tend to be working higher income jobs e.g. London weekly salary= £851 and 10% of people working in legal + accounting services over 16 in centre

• Low income areas e.g. Rochdale (near Manchester)= av. weekly salary of £510 + there is more primary

reasons for link between economic activity/ income inequality + social indicators/ quality of life

People working in the primary sector and low level services receive lower pay than those in more skilled workforces

People working long hours in manual jobs or are exposed to harmful chemical will have higher risk of poor health and more mortality and lower life expectancy

Variations in income effect the qual of housing and diets (poorer diets normally mean poorer health)

Is there a correlation between high income + qual of life?

yes

London weekly salary= £851 + life expectancy= 80.7

Is there a link between income deprivation and educational deprivation

• use Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

• income deprivation= no computer for school work

• lack of home stability= gap when starting school which is hard to close/ can widen

• don’t have money for transport to school

• Parents who work low paid, low skilled jobs may not prioritise education for their kids- need help with fam income

How has Manchester’s function and characteristics changed over time

• Greater Manchester is metropolitan county in NW England. Pop= 2.8m.

• 17th century= wool + cotton industry + centre of industrial revolution

• 1894- Manchester ship canal opened- peak = 75,000 employees - Britain’s 3rd busiest port

• Dock closure in 1982= Loss of 50,000 full time jobs- 17.5% of pop

• Present function= Capital of North

Super output areas(SOA) + Lower super output areas (LSOA) pop + household figures

LSOA- min pop= 1,000 max= 3,000 min nu. of households= 400 max= 1,200

SOA- min pop= 5,000 max= 15,000 min households= 2,000 max= 6,000

Formal vs informal representation of a place

Formal- Gov data, local council, tourist boards

Informal- Social media, Trip advisor, newpapers

How have regional, national, international, global influences shaped Manchester

• Hulme/Moss side- Regional- District centre local plan with community + local council to create attractive residential area, improve connectivity, school healthcare over next 15 yrs

  • Opportunities- improve communities facilities, attract investment, pride

  • Threats- Funding, Gentrification

• Enterprise zone= National, international, global- Boost business + private sector near Manchester airport + business rate discounts offered

  • Opportunities- Business growth- tax + economy with thrive

  • Threats- Long term project, increased competition for local business, gentrification

• Manchester City FC- Regional + global- Transform E Manchester into global sporting capital, Connell Sixth form, offices, hotels

  • Opps-Jobs for deprived area= improved health + education

  • Threats- Gentrification, jobs for non locals, gentrification

• Northern Powerhouse- regional, national- Boost economy by linking N cities (e.g. HS2)

  • Job creation, investment, interconnected economy

  • Other regions left behind, HS2 stopped before N, Very long timescale- decades

How have regional, national, international, global influences shaped Scarborough

• Scarborugh’s New market- Regional, national- Local council + Hull Uni project, online market as well, 2.7m grant from Big Lottery Fund

  • Boost small businesses, tourism + more diverse local economy

  • Gentrification, Push old businesses out

• Coventry Uni campus-Regional, national- New campus, education + sport facilities

  • Increased skilled pop, tax improvement, prevents brain drain

  • studentification

• Europeans Investment bank- International- 20,000 affordable homes nation wide- some in Scarborough, alleviate affordable housing shortage

  • Jobs in construction (temporary), prevent gentrification??

  • Long time to build, develop, expensive, pressure on services

• McCain factory- Global- 100m investment in a modernised factory, using waste gas to generate electricity + run by Canadian TNC

  • Long term jobs in factory, jobs in construction (temporary)

  • Low skilled jobs, Mechanisation- fewer jobs

Evaluate the relative importance of national and international influences in shaping the economies and social characteristics of 2 contrasting places (20 marker)

• need to use specific detailed evidence of characteristics of each place and link this to influences

• make sure to link every point back to the question

Historic function Manchester vs Scarborough

Manchester

• 17th century- wool + cotton- thousands of jobs, centre of industrial revolution but extreme wealth gap

• 1894 ship canal opened- 75000 people employed out of 220,000 pop

• 3rd busiest port in Britain until closure 1982- = Loss of 50,000 full time jobs- 17.5% of pop

Scarborough

• 12th century- castle built- one of the greatest royal fortresses- Henry iii

• 17th century, medicinal water found- 18th century- spa town (tourism)

• flourished into spa town, seaside resort, fishing port, shipbuilding industry

Down to location-

• Man- port no coast (industrial history)

• Scarborough- coastal (tourism history)

Changes in function Manchester vs Scarborough

Manchester

• Manchester= first western Europe boomtown after WW2

• 1960s emerging economies e.g. Japan, Taiwan- unemployment + deprivation in Manchester

• 1971-1981- Man loss of 50,000 jobs + 17.5% of pop

• reurbanisation- 84% increase in city centre jobs 1998-2015

Scarborough

• 16th century due to stable reign, no war no need for castle

• 1845- Scarborough York railways system= increased visitors

• middle of 19th century- shipbuilding decline- foreign competition + fall of British empire

• 2000s cheap flights abroad- detrimental to British tourist industry

Present function Manchester vs Scarborough

Manchester

• UK’s second largest city- capital of north

• Manc Piccadilly- busiest train station other than London in England

• 2021- pop= 586,100

Scarborough

• large fishing industry, largest industry= services + accommodation

• factories e.g. McCain’s

• no diverse economy- one major event and entire economy would collapse- relies on day + weekend trips

• 2021 pop= 108,700 (6x smaller than Man)

Physical factors Manchester vs Scarborough

Manchester

• flat land- good for agriculture + infrastructure= more connected

Scarborough

• NE England

• Seaside- fishing, tourists

• No major motorways leading to Scarborough

• Peripheral (core being London)

Accesibility Manchester vs Scarborough

Manchester

• proximity to other cities- within hour of Leeds, Liverpool, Sheffield

• Airport= international

• TNCs e.g. Etihad, Adidas- head offices in Manc

• M60+ M6 connect Manchester with N + S

Scarborough

• Not very accessible

• Railway, 25 main bus routes that link to lager cities e.g. York, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester (closest train to city= 40 mins to York)

Historical development Manchester vs Scarborough

Manchester

• city centre pop- 2002-2015= grew 149%

• 1992- Metrolink built + trams started running

• 1996 bomb= prompt massive regeneration

Scarborough

• Market hall opened 1852

• 1960s= seaside identity born as there was more wealthy middle class + cars which enabled transport to Scarborough

Local and National Planning Manchester vs Scarborough

Manchester

• 1987-moved towards urban entrepreneurialism

• Maintained historical buildings but increasing demand for business + resident space= reduce of green belt

• 1970= planning = nothing higher than Victorian buildings but 1990s overturned to usher investment

Scarborough

• McCain foods will invest £100m in expanding Scarborough factory= employment

• Some of 20000 new houses- European investment bank

• 2035, Scarborough is set to refocus on digital + creative industries

Age structure Manchester vs Scarborough

Manchester

• Median age of city of Manchester= 31- lowest in NW

• 40,000 student pop

Scarborough

• More elderly dependents- median age = 50 (UK median= 40)

• 31.3% of residents= over 60

Ethnic Composition Manchester vs Scarborough

Manchester

• 57% white, 21% Asian

• 52% increase in ethnic diversity 2011-2021

Scarborough

• 97% white, 1.3% Asian

Deprivation levels overall Manchester vs Scarborough

Manchester

• many areas of MCR consist of area in the most deprived decile

• investment in city= larger gap in deprivation

• 25,000 kids growing up in severe poverty

Scarborough

• Scarborough is most deprived district in N Yorkshire (les than MCR)

Differences in deprivation levels within local authority Manchester vs Scarborough

Manchester

• Rochdale, Oldham, Bolton- most deprived

• Trafford, Stockport are least

• Manchester city ranked 7th whereas Trafford 214th in income deprivation effecting children

Scarborough

• Areas of deprivation- Old town + along coast

• Mean salary 2016- 19,925= below national average

Reasons for deprivation Manchester vs Scarborough

Manchester

• lack of employment- high skilled jobs not accessible for deprived areas

Scarborough

• lack of employment due to lack of connectedness + investment

Regenerating rural places examples

Visitor centre

• 2.6m pound for sustainable visitor centre- finished easter 2007

• aimed to attract 15,000 visitors a year

• Generated 9.3 million pounds in visitor spends

• Attempt to increase dwell time (length people stay)

Dixons Hollow + Adderstone Field

• Chosen location for mountain biking world cup 2010 (short term success- long term?)

• Built 5.5km of bike trails + 3 acre skills park

• Consulted local community + built with local materials that can be used all year around ( increase dwell time)

• Cost 450,000

• Adderstone field- used for live events- began 2001

Explain how international + global influences shaped the social characteristics of local place (6)

• Break down Qu

  • Explain= give a reason

  • link with another country vs world connections

  • social= people

  • local place = MCR

• need 3 well developed PEE paras

• link to education levels, ethnicity, deprivation, life expectancy

Points:

• Airport= immigrants= change ethnic composition + working age also brings in International students = looking for high skilled jobs- increase education levels= = diverse ethnic composition - 52% increase 2011- 2021

• Canal was global connection but ships = too big= deindustrialisation= loss of jobs= increased deprivation- 50,000 jobs lossed + 17.5% of pop

• Etihad- building another footy stadium to attempt to attract global sport

• Windrush- commonwealth countries- immigrants post war to rebuild

M4 corridor- successful region

County of Berkshire- SE England

• 2001-2011 census= pop rise of 6.4%

• high rates of employment

• Well qualified work force. It was expected to need 70,000 more well qualified workers by 2020.

• Thriving Business in the area due to proximity to Heathrow airport, M4, good schools + train lines.

• 2015 the price of a 6 bedroom house was exceeding 2m - these prices are out of reach for 20% of the working age pop

Benefits

• low pollution

• attractive, quiet environment

• well connected

costs

• aging pop

• expensive housing

Declining town case study

Middlesborough

• declining= consequence of deindustrialisation

• 10% of areas is in bottom 1% of deprived areas in England

• Landlords buy properties and rent them out without upkeeping standards

• high anti social behaviour + dumped waste= a health problem- cost of fly tipping= 10% increase each year

• Continued spiral of social and economic decline

benefits

• well connected urban area

• possible more affordable housing

costs

• higher levels of deprivation

• deindustrialisation

• crime, pollution, poor health

Establishing master plan for regeneration

• masterplan= report that identifies how an entire county, region or group of cities may be regenerated in order to meet for than one priority for the area- they often help shape policy and result in a range of regeneration schemes being undertaken

1. establish socio-economic + environmental context for regeneration- judging inequality

2. initial masterplan- involving locals views

3. Get stakeholder input for evaluation report

4. Implement and evaluate projects success

Key problems experienced in rural communities in UK

-affordable housing- 2007- average rural house cost 6.8x more average annual rural household income

-Aging pop- cannot downsize due to housing prices

-Overcrowding- big fam in one small house due to prices= poor living quality

-tackling homelessness + hidden homeless in overcrowded living conditions

PRIORITIES ARE:

• BUILD AFFORDABLE HOUSING (this effects the others)

• Support services such as schools to attract young people + families

• create diversity in employment sectors

• prevent rural homelessness + an isolated ageing pop.

Areas facing these problems are less likely to see any investment (this depends on the area some rural areas see a lot of investment) and are neglected by gov due to urban slant where gov doesn’t see problems faced in countryside as serious as ones seen in cities

Key problems seen in urban communities in UK

-poorest are often pushed to live in degrading environments- few services, less access to public transport, jobs, education, green space this leads to cycle of poverty and families are forced to stay as they don’t have the money to move

PRIORITIES ARE:

• access to services- lack of= reinforce poverty + inequality eg each year1.4m people miss, turn down medical help because of transport problems

• Housing- poorly insulated housing (council) = housing cost induced poverty- 9% of UK cant afford to heat living areas in home + 10% live in a damp house- this can effect kid development + opps in later life

• Transport- disadvantaged people= less mobile + more reliant on public transport- less location flexibility in seeking jobs due to expensive public transport

• Health- social gradient in health- poorest= most time in ill health + die earlier due to being exposed to environmental conditions which negatively affect health.

Urban sinks- URBAN

• social housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation- ironically council housing was meant to improve living conditions.

PRIORITIES

• improver living conditions

• need to be community built projects

• accessibility to services, healthcare + jobs needs to be improved

example- Barrack- Glasgow

NOT ALL RUNDOWN ESTATES ARE SINKS

Gated communities- URBAN

• communities with controlled entrances + closed perimeters- found in settlements where wealthier residents have secure buildings and gentrification occurs on the inside and not to the locals on the outside

  
  PRIORITIES

• lots of gated comms are targets of crime so there is a need to create a sense of community inside and out to stop the separation

• Spread affluence + investment from not just inside the gates

example- London redeveloped docklands

Commuter villages- RURAL

-residents work in nearby urban areas but live in connected rural areas

PRORTIES

• business closures due to commuters not spending money in the area

• no sense of community + possible rivalry due to increased house prices, pollution ect

• an effort needs to be made to create a community spirit

example- wealth corridor of Itchen Valley- Winchester

Declining rural settlements- RURAL

-experiencing loss of services/ declining pop- leaves aging pop as working class move to find jobs

PRIORITIES

• investment into services + functions to attract affluent economically active people

example- Powys ,Wales

Suggest 1 reason why there is a positive correlation between income + levels of education attainment (3)

1. income is needed to fund necessities to make education accessible

2. Catchment area for good school= high housing prices- if you cant afford this you will have to live further out and travel in

3. the transport can be too expensive for lower income families and therefore the cant send their child to school + their level of education will be lower

1. higher income families able to afford things like private tutors, computer programmes to help with child’s learning

2. boost levels of education of children living there

3. lower income families may not be able to spend money on extra resources so education levels maybe lower

another point maybe higher income children= no need for part time job so more time to spend on studies

Answering 6 makers + example- Belfast change in function

• 3x PEE- make sure your answer is structured well

• make sure to state your reason at the start of each paragraph

• make sure you know what you want to say at the start- example:

BELFAST CHANGE IN FUNCTION BETWEEN 1911-2009

-deindustrialisation

-economic diversification- tertiary industry + uses of educated workforce

- heritage diversification- Titanic- tourism

-Regeneration

-local/national planning

-physical factors

• look in folder for full written examples

How do social and economic changes in Man vs Scarb impact peoples identity

Manchester- you know the changes

Impact on identity

• employment change=different people attracted

• international investment attract international workforce + increases ethnic diversity

• multiculturalism, cultural enrichment, ethnic enclaves

• increase inequality= increase in affluency background of people

• people become more accepting as diversity increases

Scarborough

• regional influence e.g. council

• limited ethnic diversity

• slower pop growth

• mixed levels of deprivation

Impact on identity

• low ethnic diversity- less tolerance to difference

• Variation in affluence- high end tourism attract affluent people but also high levels of deprivation

• Mainly regional influence= strong community but may feel left behind from development

How can regeneration cause conflict in communities about priorities + stratergies

• Gorton feels left behind and aren’t benefiting from economic growth of Manchester as a whole- rundown housing, no sense of community, litter but there is some regeneration e.g. restoration of Monastery into conference centre

• PRIORITIES- affordable, cost effective not rundown housing, community led regeneration programmes, open community space, community building, make it feel more connected to Manchester with developed cheap housing.

• other people of Manchester may think that regeneration should only be focused in city centre as this is what will attract more affluent people and have the best impact on economy

• a persons lived experience massively effect their views on regeneration

reasons for conflicting views about regeneration

-Age (lived experience+ sentiment of area), length of stay(transient pop e.g students), money(inequality breeds resentment), engagement (especially political, top down schemes= not representative of needs), Studentification- have a go at expanding these

-there will always be conflict- it is how the gov deals with it and adapts to fit all the needs that matters

-make sure when writing about different groups to be specific when identifying the groups don’t just say some people think…

Greater Manchester spatial framework

-plan to provide new land for jobs + homes across city region by 2035

Timperley Wedge- 2,400 homes + 60,000m² employment space

• for= new home buyers- connections to airport + 30% affordable +expanding business owners

• against- locals: traffic, if they rent prices may increase due to demand + environmentalists- may extend onto green belt

City centre- 50,000 new homes + 1.5million m² office space

• for= young professionals- access to city centre jobs + business owners- larger pop= larger revenue and they have the space to expand

• against= existing residents- overcrowding + elderly pop- pop will massively increase- disturb quiet life

Are there variations in levels of engagement in local communities

How does political engagement vary in UK

• high turnout in S + low in N Ireland + Durham

  • however the population view of turnout may just show high population not higher turnout

• Example of high level of community engagement- Grampound village shop owners retired making it a 6mile trip to shop so the community opened a new store in the village with money from a grant and community share

• Low level community engagement- local shop owner had to sell shop and house due to opening of Tesco + nobody supported his business

  • community engagement varies due to lived experience + attachment to a place (length of residence)

• deprivation+ engagement link

  • may feel switched off from gov like they aren’t represented but this isn’t the only thing that influences engagement

What data can evaluate need for regeneration in Manchester

Manchester= 32 wards made up off lots of LSOAs

QUALATIVTIVE

-surveys of locals, media portrays, discussion rooms

(help get local views of need for regeneration)
QUANTATIVE

-Index of Multiple Deprivation, census data (less likely to contain bias + comparative)

use both= best to find needs for regeneration

Examples of Qualitative and quantitive data assess need for regeneration in places of Manchester

Gorton- CCR- in top 1% of most deprived areas in England "(2015) + Guardian- forgotten neighbourhood

Sharston- CCR- in top 1% of most deprived areas in England (2015) + MEN- “I live here- very bad”

Ancoats- CCR- in top 1% of most deprived areas in England "(2015) BUT MEN- “goodbye to old council estate”- suggest a recent effort for investment

What role does UK gov play in Regeneration decisions- Infrastructure Investment

Man Airport City

Enterprise zone- connect sites close to airport to airport= spring board for private sector growth + then wider regeneration. P= new growth, employment, trade, investment. N= traffic, push out local business

HS2

=effort to reverse gov transport policies since 1945 of being in favour of road networks, 2013- 35m registered road vehicles (one of most congested roads in Europe)- worst= big city connections to each other. Significant reduction due to funding + scrapped in 2023. Phase 1- London- Birmingham was completed but connections to Manchester + Leeds= scrapped ( so it has failed to full connect N + S major cities

- infrastructure spending in London= £2600 per person compared to £5 per person in NE

What role does UK gov play in Regeneration decisions- Planning Decisions

House building target

-increase in BR, divorce, immigration, oversea investors(buy properties as safe investment and don’t live in them - Oligarch)= pop rise= demand for housing so Gov make target to reach by 2020 to battle this e.g. Kent= 15000 new homes

Housing Affordability

-since 1980s council housing scheme has been lost due to the right to buy so there is a lack of suitable properties for low income

-developing areas= increase in rent/price and low income people cant afford

Permission for fracking

- gov was attracted by perceived bens of fracking as it could reduce need for imported gas supply to UK (increase energy security) but it was damaging landscapes so the gov made the decision to stop

What role does UK gov play in Regeneration decisions- Gov Policies

Financial Degradation

- decision made by Margret Thatcher’s conservative gov in 1986

-Instead of London stock exchange having all shares now bank, finical advisor, individual can trade shares- freedom to invest

-Barriers stopping oversea financial institutions from investing in UK was removed and they don’t have to seek UK gov approval to invest- now Bank, finance, business sector accounts for 30% of UK GDP compared to 15.5% in 1986

Migration Policy

- UK joined EU single market in 1992 allowing any member seeking work to enter UK and vise versa

- this has helped balance UK aging pop through increased tax revenue and has helped economy expand through expansion of available labour market

Factors that effect regeneration policy

• funding

• where skill gaps are

• inequality

• investment

How has oxford Uni worked with local gov to attract investment into the area

Oxford + Begbroke science park

• Uni starting to take much larger role in local decision making and 2 science parks have been built on outskirts of city

• In 2014, funding grander for Begbroke to encourage high tech, aerospace + medical engineering + computer robotics

• Oxford SP hosts many bioscience + computer hard/software companies

• Return on investment created new £500m shopping centre + 2nd railway line to London

• housing price is also trying to be cut to attract more world leading academics

Using specific interest groups explain how interest groups have had key role in regeneration decision making in Aylesbury

-Aylesbury Vale district council led Waterside redevelopment project

• Environmental Agency delayed dev because of contamination of the land

• Local restaurant owners in town resisted plans for more restaurants and shops to open

• Aylesbury society campaigned to preserve some on towns historic buildings e.g. court buildings- local council agreed to convert them into hotels + restaurants

• tension=

  • new +old businesses- competition

  • District council + environment agency

  • District council + campaign groups

Manchester example of local gov role in regeneration

GMLEP (Great Man Local enterprise Partnership)- connects local gov to business, education institutes, public, private, voluntary, community sectors

• extra 56m into already 276.6m growth deal for GM- which was given to Andy Burnham- major who decides what to do with it e.g. ourpass

• growth deals are about locals based investment to drive local economy money is put into regions transport or skill dev programmes- things that matter to people and business of GM

Election of Manchester major shows that local and national gov can work together to help invest in local priorities

Regeneration in Alti

Main group= local gov- already spent £3m on improving town centre footpaths, streets, parking and another £3m is going to spent in a second phase

Public realm improvement also play huge part in Transport being easier to other parts of GM e.g. Interchange as this connection keeps town thriving

Other Regeneration projects

• Clay lanes estate was a housing cooperative built 1977 for vulnerable single people in Newham, London but was assigned the Olympic village in 2012 and 430 residents were forced to move as well as local businesses- this had huge public opposition

• Declining coastal communities tend to get special attention from gov as they have high levels of deprivation mainly due to tourism sector decline. some resorts e.g. Bournemouth, Devon have reinvented themselves by diversifying into business and conference hubs whilst holding onto family holiday image.

• Powys- An integrated economic and community regeneration in rural areas funded by Welsh gov and EU + is key source of funding for deprived rural areas and promotes grassroot, community led rural dev

How can rebranding/ reimaging make urban/rural places more attractive to potential investors + visitors (urban + rural examples)

Regeneration, rebranding, reimaging tend to target specific groups but it is very unlikely that a scheme targets all groups, tends to focus on one or two key group identified in masterplan

Urban rebranding strategies in UK

• Art + culture, Northern Quarter

• Themed cultural events- Manchester Pride

• Tech and science- Cambridge science park

• Encourage reurbanisation- Mills Man to offices

• Innovative architecture- Shard

• sport- Manchester Stadium for Commonwealths

• Leisure + tourism, Improving transport links, increasing visitor numbers

Rural rebranding strategies

• Diversification

  • Alternative agricultural product, livestock e.g. Llamas, Crops e.g. flowers, processed food product e.g. ice-cream

  • Non agriculture businesses e.g. campsites

• Outdoor activities, Dalby forest- go ape, mountain biking

• Heritage + liberty associations

  • food + drink- food festivals

  • Literary links- book festivals

  • Heritage properties- Tatton park

How to measure success of regeneration

Economic- income, employment

Social- reduction in inequality, deprivation

Environment- reduction in pollution levels, derelict land

Urban rebranding/ reimaging titanic quarter Belfast

Titanic Quarter- Belfast

-Deindustrialisation of shipyard = left polluted (from years of industrial pollution from ships)+ derelict

-Large scale waterfront regeneration- apartments, film studio, historic landmarks + Titanic Belfast visitor centre cost 97m, over 618m invested already

-Players: Tertiary industry, High income locals (new accommodation), investors + entrepreneurs (investment opps), professionals, existing business

-Successes: attracts over 3.6 visitors each year, attracted over 1000 inter/national companies creating over 6000 jobs since 2006

-Limits: Gentrification- house price + displacement of working class residents

Urban rebranding/ reimaging factfile (altrincham)

Altrincham

-2010 it was named ghost town + had highest shop vacancy in UK (30%)- due to Competition (Trafford Centre) + online shopping + loss of unique identity

-2011 Trafford council made Alti a priority and “modern Market town“ plan was put in place

• objectives= increase footfall, dwell time + spend

• vision= Unique, attractive, vibrant market town and regain unique identity= more investment

-Players: Existing residents (increased connections, healthcare +improved public realm) , Independent sector- loan schemes + £900,000 new market= attract visitors= more revenue

-Success- vacancy levels down 75%, 10,000 people per week visit Market house, engaged all sectors (business ,transport, community)

-Limits- Prices of product, services increased- hard for locals, big chains have opened and compete with the small business the investment is trying to promote.

OTHERS: Could talk about Aylesbury, Ancoats, Manchester, London Olympics, Liverpool

Rural rebranding/ reimaging factfile(cornwall)

Cornwall

-Periphery- lack off transport= movement of educated working class= brain drain. Lower wages- 2005 it had lowest week wage in Britain (329.30)- 25% Below UK average. Lack of rural services-People chose to leave or didn’t move there in the first place. Deindustrialization- decline in agriculture e.g. exhaustion of tin mines= negative multiplier effect= post production countryside (isolated + seasonal)

-Uni of Cornwall was made to attract graduates + business + reverse BD, Eden project (2001)- built on China clay quarry brownfield site and when first opened attracted 1.8m visitors + employed 400 full time staff( 75% whom were previously unemployed)

-Players: Private individuals- Rick Stein opened fish restaurant in a declining sea side town, Business- especially tourism. EU- helped boost economy, National Lottery- funded Eden Project= became destination tourism place + creation of objective 1 (matched funding to help new businesses)

-Success- Faster growth rate-in 2008, 80% of Eden project surrounding businesses believed it had helped their business. Boosted Economy, jobs, private investment + Eden project= positive multiplier effect to surrounding areas

Negatives-Rural location + limited infrastructure- unequipped for rapid influx of tourist- may cause future problem if revenue isn’t reinvested into infra. Environmental reputation- if sustainable + natural rebranding schema isn’t upheld it could cause conflict

Rural rebranding/ reimaging factfile (Dalby forest)

Dalby Forest

-Long history of human intervention in area- interwar years= timber production (clearing of woodland), damaging environment

-Plan includes felling, thinning, restocking to increase species diversity + habitats, 2.6m natural visitor centre, mountain bike trails (Dixons Hollow=location of World Cup for mountain biking 2010), go ape, live music, camping.

-Players: existing residents- jobs, volunteering, outdoor activities. Local council- business profits + revenue + increased investment, Environmental groups, Unemployed residents + tourists

-Success- Existing residents benefits (above), £1.1m refurbishments of surrounding village, 1.2m from European funding +1.45m from Yorkshire Forward = site of investment+ increasing inter/national role

Limits- expensive long term project with maintence, Expensive entry (possibly decreasing nu of visitors) £9 pp. revenue= seasonality

OTHERS- Fordhall Organic Farm (Shropshire), Bronte County West Yorkshire + East Lancashire Pennines in North England.

Timeline of national and local regeneration strategies at Salford Quays

Salford City Council, UK gov, Private sector

1960s-1981- Decline in Docks- containerisation, shift in trade patterns + bigger ships

1981- Docks= “enterprise zone” for 10yrs by national gov- planning laws relaxed, businesses expect from Land Tax and Council rates

1983- Docks purchased by Salford City council + UK Gov agreed to give “derelict lad + urban programme funding“ if property developers could secure private sector investment

1985- Plan created- reclamation/renovation of polluted water, landscape + careful controls on dev and implementation of future projects

1985-1995-secured £35m in funding from UK gov +EU

1988- Development strategy review identified need to dev Art centre (Lowry) + improve transport (Met)

1991-5- Regeneration masterplan made in consultation with stakeholders + plans for art centre were developed

1995- UK gov national lottery- partly fund art centre

1996- further UK gov funding was secured

2000- Lowry + Millennium footbridge opened

2001- Imperial War Museum (public financed) + Lowry outlet mall (private finance) opened

2010- Media city plans created- aim= 378 apartments, Met station, high tech studios for BBC

Why there has been less conflict than most regeneration project in Salford Quays ( and what is the main conflict issue)

-less tension than usual regeneration as nobody lived there so nobody got diplaced + all things that have been done have been improvements EXECPT for the rise in price + minimised spread effect to rest of Salford

Stakeholders + their likely opinions of the regeneration of Salford Quays

Land Owners- Peel holdings-

🙂 Increased land prices= more money

Conflict= residents-increased price= move= cut off from regeneration

Local Salford City Council-

🙂 Multiplier effect + gentrification= increased footfall + more taxes

Conflict- local businesses- business rates will increase

Pre-existing local businesses-

🙂 Increased footfall= increased revenue

☹ Increased business rate

Conflict- Landowners- Demand=rent increase + competition

Local residents- Ordsall Park residents-

☹ Cut off from Regeneration as focus Salford Quays not the needed residential areas around

Conflict- Local council- angry they are being cut off

Former Dock Employees-

🙂 New jobs after losing old ones

☹ Gentrification may push them of area

Conflict- Local residents- both fighting for the same jobs

Transport Planners-

🙂 Attraction to area= more usage= more money

Conflict-Local residents- transport= more expensive

Land owners- if they don’t sell= no new tram lines

Environmental activist/agencies-

🙂 Increased water qual + greener transport

☹ Green belt may be built onto

Local council- may sign off to extend onto green belt

successes of Salford Quays regeneration project

• employment in creative, digital, tech sectors (high investment in these industries)- catalyst= BBC moving to Media City followed by Children in Need, Comic Relief

• soon more than 50% of BBC radio 3+6 will be broadcasted from Salford ( improving peoples perceptions)

• socio-economic benefits- new jobs= higher living standard- 23,000 jobs in Salford Quays since 2010- levels of economic activity generated in city grew by £2.5b (48% increase)

• Multiplier- kick start investment= media city= BBC= jobs= movement of people= demand for services= tax increase= investment…

• Media city is set to x2 in size following £1b investment (still be invested in)

• water cleanliness- less polluted- rebranded to water sports whilst still keeping history of waterways

Limits of Salford Quays regeneration project

• 1/3 of Salford pop live in highly deprived areas

• Spread effect= limited investment in Quays and not wider Salford + Salford’s people cant access the high skilled jobs + new housing

Stakeholders and their likely opinions on regeneration of Causeway coast (stakeholder, likely opinions, criteria of success, conflict with other SH)

Department of Environment N. Ireland

-In favour of taking poor environment

-If environment has be improved + is protected for long term

-TOURISTS- could damage the environment

National Trust

-In favour of restoring of restoring environment

-Conserve Historic buildings+ sustainable + increase in visitors= increase in profit

LOCALS- money doesn’t stay in area it goes back to corporation

Private Land Owners

-Favour of economic growth so land value increases

-If the schemes bring in profit

Conservationist- conflict over land use

Tourists

-More attractive= more tourists

-Good access to area+ facilities + affordable prices

-Most groups that care about environment + the locals

Conservationists

-in favour of conserving environment + heritage

-If heritage sights are kept + environment restored

-Private land owners who could get rid of heritage sights for profit builds

Local Council

-In favour of all regeneration as it = taxes + investment

-If schemes bring in more taxes

-?

Locals

-In favour IF the money stays in the area+ if they are involved in the planning process

-Jobs opps and Increased standard of living

-Tourists

What local + national strategies were employed in regeneration of Causeway Coast

Rural Diversification

-8.5m support rural businesses + creation of 20 new business projects + 40 new businesses

-P= less reliance of primary sector + economic diversification (less vulnerable to effects of recession), jobs created in Tertiary+economic growth

-N-Environmental damage, unequal investment= conflict and will it reach all needs?

New rural workspaces

-40 new enterprises + 40 micro enterprises focusing on social economy e.g. non profits, cooperatives

-P= new jobs + volunteering (community spirit) + reducing reliance on primary industry, seasonal work

-N= Doesn’t get used- wasted money

Tourism

-New activity based tourism, enhance local tourism amenities- signage, picnic areas, regional food tourism

-P=Economic growth + jobs in tourism, more investment in environment which benefits locals, multiplier effect

-N=Environmental degradation of tourists, Traffic, air pollution, money may not stay in area

Basic service + transport

-Village renewal for all age groups, tackle low education levels, tackle poor environment (dereliction, vacant properties)

-P=Higher education provided= higher pay jobs= disposable income, attract people to live in area

-N=Can only improve education to an extent

Conservation + rural heritage

- Replace ferry to Rathlin Island + fund project to conserve historic buildings

-P=connection to heritage, attract tourists

-N=Not much on island may not attract tourists

Rural poverty + isolation

- Small settlement regeneration programmes partly funded by local council + part form UK Gov e.g. restore coastal paths, signage, picnic areas

-P=Coastal paths will encourage residents to get daily activity + signage will encourage visitors to venture into village (economic boost for small towns)

-N=Environmental degradation with tourists coming or resident swaying off path

Conservation + rural heritage

- Village catalyst programmes- funding to allow breath of new life for rural areas + conservation of heritage sites

-P= Connection with heritage

-N= Could help improve rural urban inc=vestment gap

Look at end of the regeneration section to see exam Qu help (answer= yay)

yay