MMW 13 vitkus final

The High Middle Ages

height of medieval renaissance 1000-1300~1500 (debated ending time)
-Big Events: Normand Conquests, Crusades, Europe Christianized, Papal authority in turmoil, Magna Carta created.
-Feudalism Firmly Established: serfdom, lords granted charters of privilege.
-Main philosophers: Peter Abelard and Thomas Aquinas
-Universities/learning: Paris, Oxford, and Bologna. architecture: advancements in stonework and cathedral-construction

The Late Middle Ages

~1300-1650
Medieval to early modern, little ice age
-Big Events: (14th) St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, 100 years war, Black Death, Italian Renaissance, Peasant's Revolt, (15th) fall of Constantinople to the Turks, printing press, religious intolerance, Columbus, (16th) Scientifc Revolution, Reformation, counter-reformation, Shakespeare, (17th) Enlightenment, Voltaire
-Black Death decimated pop and restructured labor, led to capitalism

The Commercial Revolution

- increase in towns and trade
-use of banks and credit
-establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.
-chartered companies
-acceptance of the principles of mercantilism
-creation of a money economy
-increased economic specialization
-establishment of state bank, the bourse (early stock market) and the futures market.

The Seven Liberal Arts (trivium and quadrivium)

-Trivium: Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectic
-Quadrivium: Arithmetic, Geometry, Music, Astronomy

The Black Death

the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe
-Originated in Central or East Asia (the Mongol empire)
-Spread via Mongol army and trade caravans going west → Merchant ships carried it to the Mediterranean → Arrives in Europe 1347
-asia destabilization Abu-Lughod +
-presentist plague myths Al-Marash'i
-Memento Mori: "remember death"

The bubonic plague

Also called the Black Death was a deadly disease that spread through Europe and killed one out of every three people

The Little Ice Age

global cooling period 14th century
-caused widespread crop depletion
-exacerbated the harshness of many peoples' living conditions colder summers and harsher winters/crop destruction

The Great Famine

A terrible famine in 1315-1322 that hit much of Europe after a period of climate change, disease struck livestock too killing up to 80% of sheep and cattle

The Hundred Years War

(1337 - 1453)
Main players were England, the Valois kings of France, factions of French nobles and other allies over both claims to the French throne and control of land in France. Semipeaceful not full war, but punctuated by mass violence, Joan of Arc involved

The Great Schism (in the Roman Catholic Church)

East-West Schism: the official split between the Roman Catholic and eastern orthodoxy Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054
-mutual ex-communication

Western/Papal Schism (within the Catholic church)
-split lasting from 1378 to 1417 in which bishops residing in Rome and Avignon both claimed to be the true pope, and were joined by a third line of Pisan popes in 1409
-ended in The Council of Constance (1414 to 1418)

Hans Holbein

A northern Renaissance artist, who was known for his portraits. He painted Erasmus, Henry VIII, and Edward VI among others.

Dance of Death

a medieval dance in which a skeleton representing death leads a procession of others to the grave
often woodcuts or paintings

Andreas Vesalius

a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564)

The Habsburgs

Powerful ROYAL FAMILY in Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain. Fought in a bunch of wars and owned huge territory. Huge impact, inbred line

The Holy Roman Empire

An empire established in Europe in the 10th century A.D., originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy

Jahangir

Son of Akbar he was the "Grasper of the World." He married the Persian princess Nur Jahan, who really controlled the state affairs because he was a weak ruler and addicted to opium. He was overthrown by his son Khusrau.

Abbas I

A Safavid Shah (1587-1629) who was attacked by the Ottomans and was forced to sign a punitive peace treaty giving up much of their land. During the period of peace, he used this time to strengthen his army so that he could regain his territory. He was called the Great and was able to strengthen the dynasty significantly.

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Capitalism

-an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state
-commodified labor and pushed overconsumption and endless profit
-racial capitalism

Medieval

Another name for the Middle Ages. 500 - 1450~1650 ish depending on location

Early Modern

1450-1750
Anthropocene/Rennisance

The Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Renaissance Humanism

-intellectual movement
-centered in Italy
-valued scholarship, language study, the arts, and particularly the ancient Greek and Latin classics
-worldview that could celebrate the human being as the unique pinnacle of God's creation
-Pico della Mirandola (1486): Oration on the Dignity of Man

Chinggis Khan

Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world.

Mongol invasions

of Russia in 1240 kept it occupied and under domination for about 250 years. Finally in 1480 Ivan III, a grand duke of Muscovy, able to repel the Mongols. During the time of Mongol domination Russia was very isolated and lost pace with the West. Influenced by Greek Orthodox Ch. so Constantinople was cultural/relig ctr, not Rome. Renaissance passed Russia by.
Mongols sack Baghdad 1258
Used bodies of people infected with the plague and would catapult the bodies into the walled city and had the plague kill them out

Song Dynasty

Empire in southern China (1127-1279) while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics.
-1279 Kublai Khan naval battle defeating the Song Dynasty
-Began Yuan rule in China for over 100 years

Yuan dynasty

(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.

Ming dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Qing dynasty

(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,

Gunpowder empires

Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.

Tributary empires

-An empire based on a main power (The Aztecs) dominating surrounding people/societies and exacting tributes (gold, slaves, resources) from them, in exchange for protection.
-Ming dynasty, korea and vietnam

Land Empires

Manchu, Mughal, Ottoman, Russian

*Overseas/Colonial Land Empires (spain, portugal, england, Netherlands)

devshirme, or "child levy"

-The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans
-Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps
-Shah take slave Christians aswell used to take and form class of Viziers and Jannisaries

janissaries

30,000 Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

harem

"sacred place"; the private domain of an Ottoman sultan, where he and his wives resided

Eurocentrism

A form of ethnocentrism that uses European ethnic, national, religious, and linguistic criteria to judge other peoples and their cultures

Uneven and Combined Development

-Capitalism (agrarian capitalism develops in England but this development would not have been possible without Ottoman whip of external necessity)
-England was able to catch up to the developments quicker since the development had been perfected/polished and easier to appropriate
-"Privilege of backwardness"- that countries who lag behind developmentally benefit after combination because they can skip ahead in the process
-"Whip of External Necessity"- the notion that countries surrounding have to develop or else be conquered

Incan empire

a Mesoamerican civilization in the Andes Mountains in South America that by the end of the 1400s was the largest empire in the Americas including much of what is now Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile; conquered by Pizarro

Safavid empire

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.

-Called Qizilbash after turkish word for "red head" turbans
-Followers of a mystical sufi order that adhered to a heterodox version of shi'ite islam Ismail's father haydar had been spiritual leader in this movement -followers defeated in battle - martrydom
-Shah tahmasp longer more stable reign (1524-76)
-Shah take slave christians aswell - ghulams
-Shah Abbas w new military elite, displaced threat of Qizilbash (loyal to ismail)

Shah Ismail I

-Shah ismail, Ismail I conquered Persia by bringing together a coalition of Turkic warrior tribesman who saw him as a divine figure

Shah Abbas I (the Great)

was the 5th Safavid Shah (king) of Iran, and is generally considered the strongest ruler of the Safavid dynasty. He was the third son of Shah Mohammad Khodabanda.

Sufism

An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin.

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Sunni Islam

-recognize the first four caliphs as the Prophet Muhammad's rightful successors
-regarded the leadership of Islam as being determined not by divine order or inspiration but by the prevailing political realities of the Muslim world
-acceptance of the leadership of the foremost families of Mecca and even foreign caliphs
-so long as their rule afforded the proper exercise of religion and the maintenance of order.

Shi'ite Islam

One of the two main branches of Islam. Shiites recognize Ali, the fourth caliph, and his descendants as rightful rulers of the Islamic world; practiced in the Ottoman and Safavid empire

Mughal empire

-Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)
-Mansabdars: officials in the Mughal empire tasked with collecting revenue from the jagirs and collecting taxes
-Babur: founder of Mughal empire
-Humayun
-Akbar (religious tolerance, Abhishek Mehrotra reading on hindu-muslim relations)
-Jahangir
-Shahryar Mirzam
-Shah Jahan
-Aurangzeb
-Shah Muhammad Azam

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Caste system

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

Amerigo Vespucci

The italian sailor who corrected Columbus's mistake, acknowledging the coasts of america as a new world. America is named after him

Quipu

An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.

The Great Dying

-"Great dying" or genocide
-56 million people die in first 100 years, one of worst periods of death recorded in human history, -around 90% of the indigenous population in the Americas and 10% of world pop at the time
-Colonial brutality caused a good portion of this but also lack of immunity
-Subjection of indigenous for labor, cash crops and commodities etc
-Greatest demographic disaster of history ---> slavery from Africa

Medieval T-O map

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Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.

Michele da Cuneo

An Italian adventurer and friend of Christopher Columbus, Cuneo accompanied Columbus on his second voyage across the Atlantic in 1493. Letters include details of violence and rape against natives

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.
-"A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies"
-detail of brutalization and condemnation

Reconquista

The retaking of the Iberian Peninsula by Spanish forces from the Moors. It was completed in 1492.

Globalization 1.0

early period of globalization from 1492 to 1800 driven by mercantilism and colonialism

The Columbian exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Syncretism

The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions.

The Anthropocene

the modern geological era during which humans have dramatically affected the environment

The Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

The Counter-Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)
-spanish inquisition

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

95 theses

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.
-church, especially bishops, dioceses, and the Pope are corrupt
-indulgences should not be prioritized- the funds should be refocused charitably
- the bible is the central religious authority, not the church (pope, bishops, etc)
- calls for the bible to be translated into common languages, not just Latin
- emphasis on faith, love, and personal relationships with God

Selling of papal indulgences

Condemned by Martin luther and other reformers as irreligious greedy and corrupt

Iconoclasm

Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship. Opposed Iconography by the Catholic Church

Purgatory

A place of temporary punishment, between heaven and hell and treated as place of pruifcation suffering Church affirmed reformers rejected

Doctrine of election

the idea that God chooses certain people with whom to enter into a special relationship or covenant

Jean Calvin (Calvinism)

French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination and the "elect" would receive salvation fro God. His community lived simply and a strong moral code.

Thirty Years War

(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

The Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

English Revolution/Civil War

Began 1642 after Charles I led troops into House of Commons
Figthing was between:
1. Royalists (A.K.A Cavaliers) supported King Charles I (Included Anglicans, Roman catholics, nobles, & anyone who disagreed with the Puritans)
2. Puritans (Roundheads) supported Parliament
Ended in 1646
Puritans (Roundheads) won
Oliver Cromwell took control England & became dictator

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

studia humanitatis

During the Renaissance, a liberal arts program of study that embraced grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, philosophy, and politics.

Petrarch

(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.

Marsilio Ficino

Founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo de' Medici in the 1460s. Translated Plato's works into Latin, giving modern Europeans access to these works for the fist time.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

"Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man which has been called the ""Manifesto of the Renaissance."" Main early humanist

Pope Julius II

The "Warrior-Pope"; most involved in war and politics; personally led armies against enemies; instituted reconstruction on St. Peter's Basilica.

The Basilica of St. Peter

a great Christian church in the Vatican. built. Several architects including Michelangelo designed it.

primitive accumulation

the direct appropriation by capitalists of natural resources or goods from communities that historically tend to hold them collectively

double-entry bookkeeping

Bookkeepers record all transactions in two places so they can check one list of transactions against the other for accuracy. recording and classifying business transactions that maintains the balance of the accounting equation

usury

the illegal action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest. Condemned by protestant and lutheran

Ibn Battuta

(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r.1312-1337 CE) who made a hajj to Mecca; on the way there, he spread enormous amounts of gold showing the wealth of Mali; on the way back, he brought back education and Islamic culture.

The Mali empire

From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well.

polygyny

a form of marriage in which men have more than one wife or a reltionship with multiple partners

The Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Royal African Company

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507) monopoly on slave trade till 1698 with the Company of Merchants Trading to Africa (marked major shift to capitalism)

Geocentrism

The outlook that the earth was the center of the universe and every thing rotated around it, taught by the church for centuries and resisted new efforts at astronomy and scientific revolution of heliocentrism

Heliocentrism

The belief that the sun was the center of the solar system and that the earth rotated around it

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Inductive vs deductive reasoning

inductive reasoning- reasoning from the specific to the general, forming concepts about all members of a category based on some members.

deductive reasoning- reasoning from the general to the specific.

The Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. New technology and discoveries and scientific method

The European Enlightenment

European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.

Roger Bacon

Franciscan monk, English philosopher, and scientist in the 1200s who advocated for a system of scientific experimentation in seeking truth rather than accepting without question traditional Church and ancient beliefs. This led to the development of the scientific method.

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.

Nicolaus Copernicus

(1473-1543) Polish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went around it. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory.