Unit 3 AP Bio Review

enzymes

enzymes

biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions, can facilitate synthesis or digestion, have a region called an active site which interacts w/ the substrate, macromolecule (most are proteins, tertiary shape must be maintained for functionality), reusable, not chemically changed by the reaction

substrate

a molecule that can interact w/ an enzyme

active site

the specific region on an enzyme where substrates bind and undergo a chemical reaction; has a unique shape and size, can have chemical charges, physical + chemical properties of the substrate must be compatible (e.g. polar + polar), slight changes can occur to align w/ the substrate

ase

enzyme names often end with ___ (e.g. sucr___ digests sucrose)

hydrolysis

synthesis

activation energy

initial starting energy required by all biochemical reactions

negative control

not exposed

positive control

exposed to known effect, not exposed to experimental treatment

denaturation

the unfolding/breaking up of a protein, modifying its 3D structure

optimum temps

range in which enzyme-mediated reactions occur the fastest (increase in temp initially increases reaction rate, speed of molecular movement, and frequency of enzyme-substrate collisions; temps outside of OT = denaturation) (decrease in temp slows down reaction rate + decreases collisions, no denaturation)

pH

potential of hydrogen (less hydrogen = higher pH = BASIC, more hydrogen = lower pH = ACIDIC, pH of 7 = NEUTRAL)

optimum pH

range in which enzyme-mediated reactions occur the fastest (increase/decrease can = denaturation, can disrupt hydrogen bonds that help maintain enzyme structure)

competitive inhibition

when a substrate molecule is prevented from binding to an active site of an enzyme by a molecule that is very similar in structure to the substrate, have to “compete“ for the same active size (CI molecules can bind reversibly or irreversibly)

noncompetitive inhibitors

molecules that bind to allosteric sites, cause conformational (tertiary) shape change, and prevent enzyme function as the active site is no longer available

allosteric site

regions other than active site to which molecules can bind

autotroph

an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, CO2, or other chemicals (cells that contain chloroplast are _________ic)