Anatomy & Physiology Lab 1

Histology

study of tissues grouped together to accomplish a specific function

4 main categories of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Epithelial Tissue

lines and covers organs (including internal passageways), creates boundaries between different environments, forms glands

Function of Epithelial Tissue

filtration, absorptions and secretion, protection, excretion, sensory reception

Simple epithelium

one layer of cells

Stratified epithelium

multiple layer of cells

Squamous cell

squashed shape

Cuboidal cell

cube shaped

Columnar cell

column shaped

Characteristics of epithelial tissues

Regeneration

Polarity: apical(exposed to external environment) and basal (base of membrane) surface

Cellularity and specialize contacts

Supported by connective tissue (reticular lamina)

Avascular

Innervated

Apical

exposed to external environment

basal

base of membrane

Connective Tissue

Structural support and joining structural components to one another

Common Embryonic tissue for connective tissue

Mesenchyme

Three types of connective tissue

Connective Tissue Proper

Fluid Connective Tissue

Supporting Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue Proper

Loose and dense

Fluid Connective tissue

Blood and lymph

Supporting connective tissue

Bone and cartilage

Fibroblast makes

connective tissue

Chondrocyte make

cartilage

Osteoblast make

bone

Blood cells make

blood

Bone Histology

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

Ossification

Ossification

Endochondral bone

Hyaline cartilage

Three types of muscle

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Skeletal

have striations and nuclei at the edge of the muscle, voluntary

Cardiac

have striations and branching of muscle fibers, involuntary

Smooth

have no muscle and nuclei in center of muscle, involuntary

Nervous Tissue

• Neurons and glial cells

• Conduct electrical signals called action potentials

Integumentary System

Comprised of skin, hair, glands, and nails

Two main tissue layers: epidermis(5 layers) and dermis (2 layers)

Types of hair

Terminal

Vellus

Intermediate

Terminal

(scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes)

Vellus

(peach fuzz)

Intermediate

(arms and legs)

Exocrine Glands

• Merocrine gland:

• Apocrine gland:

• Holocrine gland:

Merocrine gland

• secretion in duct

Apocrine gland

pinched-off portion of cell in the secretion

Holocrine gland

dying cell releases secretory products

Epidermis

Superficial part of the skin (uppermost layer), composed of stratified squamous epithelium composed of five strata layers( Corneum, Lucidum,Granulosum, Spinosum,and Basale). Functions to prevent water loss and the entry of chemicals and microorganisms.

Dermis

Deep part of skin, connective tissue composed of two layers. Functions to provide structural strength and flexibility of the skin. The epidermis exchanges gases, nutrients, and and waste products with blood vessels in the dermis

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

Not part of the skin, loose connective tissue with abundant deposits of adipose tissue. Functions to attach the dermis to underlying structures, adipose tissue provides, energy storage, insulation and padding

Meissner’s Corpuscle

Sensory receptor, single axon associated with schwann cells surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

Sebaceous (Oil) gland

- Located in the dermis are simple or compound alveolar glands that produce sebum, an oily white substance rich in lipids. They are classified as a holocrine glands

Hair follicle

A tube like invaginationof the epidermis that extends into the dermis. A hair develops and grows within each follicle

Eccrine gland

Also known as merocrine glands are the most common type of sweat gland

Apocrine sweat glands

are simple, coiled, tubular glands that usually open into hair follicles superficially to the opening of the sebaceous glands

Arrector pili muscle

Smooth muscle cells associated with each hair follicle. The arrector pili extend from the dermal root sheath of the hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis

Adipose cells

Adipocytes which contain large amounts of lipids are found in adipose tissue

axial skeleton has how many bones

80

appendicular skeleton has how many bones

126

5 major function of the skeletal

• Body support

• Body movement

• Organ protection

• Mineral storage

• Blood cell production

Projections

• Processes that grow out from the bone

• Muscle attachment

• Joint formation

Depressions

• Indentations or openings in the bone

• Conduits of nerves and blood vessels 

Cranial bones

• Frontal

• Parietal(2)

• Temporal(2)

• Occipital

• Sphenoid

• Ethmoid

Facial Bones

• Vomer bone

• Zygomatic bones(2)

• Lacrimal bone(2)

• Nasal bones(2)

• Inferior nasal concha(2)

• Palatine bone (2)

• Maxilla (2)

• Mandible

Cranial Nerves

• I. Olfactory nerve

• II. Optic nerve

• III. Oculomotor nerve 

• IV. Trochlear nerve 

• V. Trigeminal nerve 

• VI. Abducens nerve 

• VII. Facial nerve 

• VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve

• IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve 

• X. Vagus nerve

• XI. Spinal accessory nerve 

• XII. Hypoglossal nerve 

Sternum

• Manubrium

• Sternal body

• Xiphoid process

Ribs

• True (R1-R7)

• False (R8-R12)

• Floating (R11-R12)

sacrum

5 fused bones

coccyx

4 fused bones

cervical vertebrae has how many

7

thoracic vertebrae has how many

12

lumbar vertebrae has how many

5

Knee joint

uniaxial

hinge

Hip joint

multiaxial

ball-and-socket

Shoulder joint

multiaxial

ball-and-socket

synovial joints nonaxial

plane

synovial joints uniaxial

hinge

pivot

synovial joints biaxial

condylar

saddle

synovial joints multiaxial

ball and socket

synarthroses

no movement

amphiarthroses

little movement

diarthrosis

free movement