BIOL 431 Unit 4 Lab Exam

Urinary System

kidney (4 fxn)

filter blood

regulate blood pH

regulate blood volume

regulate blood pressure

renal hilium

indentation; where ureter, renal artery & renal vein are found

renal capsule

maintains shape & provides structure to kidney

adipose capsule

protection, insulation & holds kidney in place

renal fascia

anchors kidney & coverings to abdominopelvic wall

cortex

outer part; renal corpuscle & peritubular capillaries found here

medulla

inner part of kidney; contains loops of Henle & vasa recta

medullary pyramids

triangular structure in medulla; part of parenchyma

medullary papilla

tip of renal pyramid; bump like structure containing papillary ducts

medullary renal columns

part of cortex in between pyramids

pelvis/minor calyx/major calyx

passageway for urine

urine droplet tracing within kidney (minor calyx to ureter)

minory calyx

major calyx

renal pelvis

ureter

renal sinus

space within renal hylum

filtrate tracing (abdominal aorta to glomerular capillaries)

abdominal aorta

L & R renal arteries

segmental arteries

interlobar arteries

arcuate arteries

interlobular arteries

affarent arteriole

glomerular capillaries

filtrate tracing (glomerular capillaries to inferior vena cava)

glomerular capillaries

efferent arteriole

peritubular capillaries/vasa recta

interlobular vein

arcuate vein

interlobular vein

segmental vein

L & R renal vein

inferior vena cava

renal corpuscle

glomerulus + bowman’s capsule

features of glomerulus

fenestrated endothelium

basal lamina

fenestrated endothelium

prevent filtration of blood cells & platelets

basal lamina

prevent filtration of large plasma proteins

features of Bowman’s capsule

parietal layer

visceral layer

podocytes & pedicels

filtration slits

slit membrane

basal lamina

podocytes & pediciels, filtration slits & slit membranes

prevent filtration of small/medium plasma proteins

filtration membrane

fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells & slit membranes between podocytes of visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

proximal coveted tubule

reabsorption of water, ions, & organic compounds

brush border on proximal convoluted tubule

increases surface area for reabsorption

Loop of Henle

sets up concentration gradient for countercurrent multiplication

descending limb of loop of henle

water reabsorption

ascending limb of loop of henle

active Na & Cl reabsorption

distal convoluted tubule

secretion of water, toxins, acids, drugs, etc

collecting duct

modifies filtrated based on body’s needs/hormones

juxtaglomerular apparatus

participates in tubuloglomerular feedback (regulates glomerular filtration rate)

macula densa cells + juxtaglomerular cells

macula densa cells

detect filtrate osmolarity

juxtaglomerular cells

modified smooth muscle cells; vasoconstrictor affarent arteriole & produces renin

ureter

transport urine via peristaltic waves

urinary bladder

temporary storage of urine

orifice of ureter

posterior inferior aspect of bladder

opening to ureter

trigone

smooth region formed by 3 openings (2 orifice of ureter & internal urethral orifice)

detrusor muscle

smooth muscle structure of urinary bladder

involved in micturition

rugae

ridges; allows expansion

urethra

passageway to expel urine

internal urethral orifice

opening at base of urinary bladder (to urethra)

internal urethral sphincter

smooth muscle; controls involuntary micturition

external urethral orifice

opens to expel urine to external environment

external urethral sphincter

skeletal muscle; controls voluntary micturition

prosthetic urethra

portion of urethra in prostate gland region

membranous urethra

portion of urethra in external urethral sphincter region

cavernous urethra

urethra that extends entire length of penis

urethra regions only in males

prostatic urethra

membranous urethra

cavernous/spongey/penile urethra

specimen in the field of view?

region a?

region b?

region c?

layer at the tip of the arrow?

kidney

medulla

corticomedullary junction

cortex

renal adipose capsule

specimen in the field of view?

bracketed structure?

space at tip of black pointer

liquid found in that space?

specific tissue lining the lumen

structure at tip of magenta pointer

structure at tip of blue pointer

kidney

renal papilla

calyx

urine

transitional epithelium

papillary duct

ureter

specimen in field of view

region a

region b

region c

structure at tip of light blue arrow

structure at tip of purple arrow

structure at tip of pink arrow

kidney

medulla

corticomedullary junction

cortex

medullary ray

arcuate vein

arcuate artery

structure in yellow bracket

structure at tip of dark green arrow

structure at tip of orange arrow

structure at tip of blue arrow

structure of light green arrow

space between the green & blue arrows

renal corpuscle

proximal convoluted tubule with brush border

distal convoluted tubule

parietal layer of bowman’s capsule

visceral layer of bowman’s capsule

bowman’s space

structure in yellow bracket

structure at tip of yellow arrow

structure at tip of pink arrow

specific cells at tip of orange arrow

specific cells at tip of red arrow

renal corpuscle

visceral layer of bowman’s capsule

parietal layer of bowman’s capsule

juxtaglomerular cells

macula densa cells

specimen in field of view

structure circled in red

specific cells circled in orange

kidney

renal corpuscle

macula densa cells

specimen in field of view

structures at tip of dark blue arrow

structure encircled in yellow

structure & function at tip of light blue arrow

vascular injected kidney

thick limb of loop of henle

thin limb of loop of henle

vasa recta (maintain concentration gradient)

specimen in field of view

region a

region b

structure at tip of yellow arrow

structure at tip of orange arrow

structure at tip of green arrow

vascular injected kidney

cortex

medulla

peritubular capillaries

vasa recta

glomerulus

specimen in field of view

structure at tip of blue arrow

structure at tip of pink arrow

structure at tip of orange arrow

structure at tip of green arrow

structure at tip of yellow arrow

vascular injected kidney

peritubular capillaries

affarent arteriole

glomerulus

interlobular artery

glomerulus

region a

region b

region c

structure at tip of black arrow

structure at tip of blue arrow

medulla

corticomedullary junction

cortex

arcuate vessel

glomerulus

specimen in the field of view

layer at tip of blue arrow

region a

structure at tip of black arrow

specific in orange bracket (b)

specific tissue at tip of magenta arrow

space where ? is at

ureter

adventitia

muscularis

mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

lamina propria

transitional epithelium

lumen

specimen in field of view

space at tip of black arrow & what it holds

specific tissue in black bracket

specific tissue in green bracket

ureter

lumen & urine

transitional epithelium

lamina propria

specimen in field of view (& position)

specific layer at tip of black arrow

specific tissue at tip of green arrow

specific layer in bracket b

specific layer in bracket a

specific structure at tip of blue arrow

contracted/empty urinary bladder

mucosa

areolar connective tissue

muscularis

adventitia

detrusor muscle

3 layers of muscularis (urinary bladder)

inner longitudinal

middle circular

outer longitudinal

specimen in field of view

specific tissue in black bracket

specific layer & tissue in blue bracket

ureter

transitional epithelium

lamina propria (areolar connective tissue)

specimen in field of view (& position)

specific layer at tip of black arrow

specific layer at tip of blue arrow

space touching black arrow’s layer

relaxed/full urinary bladder

mucosa

adventitia

lumen

urinary formation rate formula & typical formation rate

volume/time elapsed

\~1 mL/min

what causes urine turbidity

presence of glucose, bacteria, pus, etc

normal urine pH & factors that can change the pH

4\.6-8

diet & amount of H+ secreted (meat = acidic, vegetables = basic)

urinometer

measures specific gravity of urine

specific gravity of water

1\.0000

normal specific gravity of urine

1\.001-1.035

high specific gravity indicative of

hypertonic urine (more concentrated)

potential causes: fevers, diabetes mellitus & adrenal diabetes

most abundant solute found in urine

urea

second most abundant solute found in urine

chloride (found as NaCl)

leukocytes in urine (name, non pathological cause & pathological cause)

pyuria

pregnancy

urinary tract infection, kidney infection

blood in urine (name, non pathological causes & pathological cause)

hematuria

menstruation

glomerulonephritis, kidney stones & kidney trauma

nitrites in urine (name, non pathological causes & pathological causes)

nitrituria

excessive nitrite ingestion

urinary tract infection, kidney infection

protein in urine (name, non pathological causes & pathological causes)

proteinuria

pregnancy, excessive physical exertion & hypertension

glomerulonephritis, kidney disease & renal failure

glucose in urine (name, non pathological causes & pathological causes)

glucosuria/glycosuria

increased sugar intake, increased stress & pregnancy

diabetes mellitus

ketone in urine (name, non pathological causes & pathological causes)

ketonuria

stress, pregnancy

diabetes mellitus

kidney (juxtaglomerular cells) produce what hormone & its effects

renin

converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

liver produces what hormone/substance & its effects

angiotensinogen (plasma protein)

precursor to angiotensin I

blood vessels produce what hormone/substance & its effects

ACE; converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

angiotensin II: increase thirst, system vasoconstriction, vasoconstrict affarent arteriole & stimulate adrenal gland to produce aldosterone

adrenal gland produce what hormone/substance & its effects

aldosterone

inserts Na+/K+ pump to increase Na reabsorption & K secretion at principal cells of DCT/CD

posterior pituitary gland produces what hormone/substance & its effects

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

inserts aquaporin II in collecting duct/late DCT to increase water reabsorption

heart produces what hormone/substance & its effects

atrial natriuretic peptide

decrease Na+ reabsorption, decrease water reabsorption

gland & hormone

thyroid gland & calcitonin

gland & hormone

parathyroid gland & parathyroid hormone

gland & hormone

adrenal gland & aldosterone

gland & hormone

posterior pituitary gland & ADH

4 acid base imbalances

metabolic alkalosis

metabolic acidosis

respiratory akalosis

respiratory acidosis

acid base (normal pH, \[HCO3-\], PCO2)

pH: 7.4

\[HCO3-\]: 24

PCO2: 40 mmHg

metabolic alkalosis (change, causes, compensation)

change: increased pH & \[HCO3-\]

cause: alkaline tide, ingestion of tums & baking soda, vomiting

compensation: respiratory; hypoventialtion

metabolic acidosis (change, causes, compensation)

change: decreased pH, decreased \[HCO3-\]

causes: increased ketone bodies (starvation, keto diet, diabetes mellitus), increased anaerobic exercise, diarrhea

compensation: respiratory; hyperventilation

respiratory alkalosis (change, causes & compensation)

change: increased pH, decreased PCO2

causes: high altitude, mechanical ventilation, hyperventilation, sever anxiety

compensation: renal; decreased H+ secretion & decreased HCO3 reabsorption (occurs at intercalated cell & proximal convoluted tubule)

respiratory acidosis (change, causes & compensation)

change: decreased pH, increased PCO2

causes: sleep apnea, asthma, COPD/emphysema, alcohol/CNS depressant

compensation: renal; increased H+ secretion & increased HCO3- reabsorption

acid base imbalance in orange? causes? compensation?

respiratory acidosis

causes: sleep apnea, asthma, COPD/emphyema, alcohol/CNS depressant

compensation: renal compensation (increased H+ secretion & HCO3- reabsorption)

acid base imbalance in dark blue? causes? compensation?

combined respiratory & metabolic acidosis

causes: respiratory + metabolic acidosis causes

compensation: no

acid base imbalance in purple? causes? compensation?

metabolic acidosis

causes: starvation (increased ketone bodies), increased anaerobic exercise & diarrhea

compensation: respiratory compensation (hyperventilate)

acid base imbalance in yellow? cause? compensation?

metabolic alkalosis

causes: alkaline tide, vomiting, ingestion of tums/baking soda

compensation: respiratory compensation (hypoventilate)

acid base imbalance in light blue? causes? compensation?

combined respiratory & metabolic alkalosis

causes: respiratory & metabolic alkalosis causes

compensation: none

acid base imbalance in dark magenta? causes? compensation?

respiratory alkalosis

causes: high altitude, hyperventilation, severe anxiety & mechanical ventilation

compensation: renal compensation (decrease H+ secretion & HCO3- reabsorption)