Studied by 5 peoplekidney (4 fxn)
filter blood
regulate blood pH
regulate blood volume
regulate blood pressure
renal hilium
indentation; where ureter, renal artery & renal vein are found
renal capsule
maintains shape & provides structure to kidney
adipose capsule
protection, insulation & holds kidney in place
renal fascia
anchors kidney & coverings to abdominopelvic wall
cortex
outer part; renal corpuscle & peritubular capillaries found here
medulla
inner part of kidney; contains loops of Henle & vasa recta
medullary pyramids
triangular structure in medulla; part of parenchyma
medullary papilla
tip of renal pyramid; bump like structure containing papillary ducts
medullary renal columns
part of cortex in between pyramids
pelvis/minor calyx/major calyx
passageway for urine
urine droplet tracing within kidney (minor calyx to ureter)
minory calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
renal sinus
space within renal hylum
filtrate tracing (abdominal aorta to glomerular capillaries)
abdominal aorta
L & R renal arteries
segmental arteries
interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries
interlobular arteries
affarent arteriole
glomerular capillaries
filtrate tracing (glomerular capillaries to inferior vena cava)
glomerular capillaries
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries/vasa recta
interlobular vein
arcuate vein
interlobular vein
segmental vein
L & R renal vein
inferior vena cava
renal corpuscle
glomerulus + bowman’s capsule
features of glomerulus
fenestrated endothelium
basal lamina
fenestrated endothelium
prevent filtration of blood cells & platelets
basal lamina
prevent filtration of large plasma proteins
features of Bowman’s capsule
parietal layer
visceral layer
podocytes & pedicels
filtration slits
slit membrane
basal lamina
podocytes & pediciels, filtration slits & slit membranes
prevent filtration of small/medium plasma proteins
filtration membrane
fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells & slit membranes between podocytes of visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
proximal coveted tubule
reabsorption of water, ions, & organic compounds
brush border on proximal convoluted tubule
increases surface area for reabsorption
Loop of Henle
sets up concentration gradient for countercurrent multiplication
descending limb of loop of henle
water reabsorption
ascending limb of loop of henle
active Na & Cl reabsorption
distal convoluted tubule
secretion of water, toxins, acids, drugs, etc
collecting duct
modifies filtrated based on body’s needs/hormones
juxtaglomerular apparatus
participates in tubuloglomerular feedback (regulates glomerular filtration rate)
macula densa cells + juxtaglomerular cells
macula densa cells
detect filtrate osmolarity
juxtaglomerular cells
modified smooth muscle cells; vasoconstrictor affarent arteriole & produces renin
ureter
transport urine via peristaltic waves
urinary bladder
temporary storage of urine
orifice of ureter
posterior inferior aspect of bladder
opening to ureter
trigone
smooth region formed by 3 openings (2 orifice of ureter & internal urethral orifice)
detrusor muscle
smooth muscle structure of urinary bladder
involved in micturition
rugae
ridges; allows expansion
urethra
passageway to expel urine
internal urethral orifice
opening at base of urinary bladder (to urethra)
internal urethral sphincter
smooth muscle; controls involuntary micturition
external urethral orifice
opens to expel urine to external environment
external urethral sphincter
skeletal muscle; controls voluntary micturition
prosthetic urethra
portion of urethra in prostate gland region
membranous urethra
portion of urethra in external urethral sphincter region
cavernous urethra
urethra that extends entire length of penis
urethra regions only in males
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
cavernous/spongey/penile urethra
specimen in the field of view?
region a?
region b?
region c?
layer at the tip of the arrow?
kidney
medulla
corticomedullary junction
cortex
renal adipose capsule
specimen in the field of view?
bracketed structure?
space at tip of black pointer
liquid found in that space?
specific tissue lining the lumen
structure at tip of magenta pointer
structure at tip of blue pointer
kidney
renal papilla
calyx
urine
transitional epithelium
papillary duct
ureter
specimen in field of view
region a
region b
region c
structure at tip of light blue arrow
structure at tip of purple arrow
structure at tip of pink arrow
kidney
medulla
corticomedullary junction
cortex
medullary ray
arcuate vein
arcuate artery
structure in yellow bracket
structure at tip of dark green arrow
structure at tip of orange arrow
structure at tip of blue arrow
structure of light green arrow
space between the green & blue arrows
renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule with brush border
distal convoluted tubule
parietal layer of bowman’s capsule
visceral layer of bowman’s capsule
bowman’s space
structure in yellow bracket
structure at tip of yellow arrow
structure at tip of pink arrow
specific cells at tip of orange arrow
specific cells at tip of red arrow
renal corpuscle
visceral layer of bowman’s capsule
parietal layer of bowman’s capsule
juxtaglomerular cells
macula densa cells
specimen in field of view
structure circled in red
specific cells circled in orange
kidney
renal corpuscle
macula densa cells
specimen in field of view
structures at tip of dark blue arrow
structure encircled in yellow
structure & function at tip of light blue arrow
vascular injected kidney
thick limb of loop of henle
thin limb of loop of henle
vasa recta (maintain concentration gradient)
specimen in field of view
region a
region b
structure at tip of yellow arrow
structure at tip of orange arrow
structure at tip of green arrow
vascular injected kidney
cortex
medulla
peritubular capillaries
vasa recta
glomerulus
specimen in field of view
structure at tip of blue arrow
structure at tip of pink arrow
structure at tip of orange arrow
structure at tip of green arrow
structure at tip of yellow arrow
vascular injected kidney
peritubular capillaries
affarent arteriole
glomerulus
interlobular artery
glomerulus
region a
region b
region c
structure at tip of black arrow
structure at tip of blue arrow
medulla
corticomedullary junction
cortex
arcuate vessel
glomerulus
specimen in the field of view
layer at tip of blue arrow
region a
structure at tip of black arrow
specific in orange bracket (b)
specific tissue at tip of magenta arrow
space where ? is at
ureter
adventitia
muscularis
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
lamina propria
transitional epithelium
lumen
specimen in field of view
space at tip of black arrow & what it holds
specific tissue in black bracket
specific tissue in green bracket
ureter
lumen & urine
transitional epithelium
lamina propria
specimen in field of view (& position)
specific layer at tip of black arrow
specific tissue at tip of green arrow
specific layer in bracket b
specific layer in bracket a
specific structure at tip of blue arrow
contracted/empty urinary bladder
mucosa
areolar connective tissue
muscularis
adventitia
detrusor muscle
3 layers of muscularis (urinary bladder)
inner longitudinal
middle circular
outer longitudinal
specimen in field of view
specific tissue in black bracket
specific layer & tissue in blue bracket
ureter
transitional epithelium
lamina propria (areolar connective tissue)
specimen in field of view (& position)
specific layer at tip of black arrow
specific layer at tip of blue arrow
space touching black arrow’s layer
relaxed/full urinary bladder
mucosa
adventitia
lumen
urinary formation rate formula & typical formation rate
volume/time elapsed
~1 mL/min
what causes urine turbidity
presence of glucose, bacteria, pus, etc
normal urine pH & factors that can change the pH
4.6-8
diet & amount of H+ secreted (meat = acidic, vegetables = basic)
urinometer
measures specific gravity of urine
specific gravity of water
1.0000
normal specific gravity of urine
1.001-1.035
high specific gravity indicative of
hypertonic urine (more concentrated)
potential causes: fevers, diabetes mellitus & adrenal diabetes
most abundant solute found in urine
urea
second most abundant solute found in urine
chloride (found as NaCl)
leukocytes in urine (name, non pathological cause & pathological cause)
pyuria
pregnancy
urinary tract infection, kidney infection
blood in urine (name, non pathological causes & pathological cause)
hematuria
menstruation
glomerulonephritis, kidney stones & kidney trauma
nitrites in urine (name, non pathological causes & pathological causes)
nitrituria
excessive nitrite ingestion
urinary tract infection, kidney infection
protein in urine (name, non pathological causes & pathological causes)
proteinuria
pregnancy, excessive physical exertion & hypertension
glomerulonephritis, kidney disease & renal failure
glucose in urine (name, non pathological causes & pathological causes)
glucosuria/glycosuria
increased sugar intake, increased stress & pregnancy
diabetes mellitus
ketone in urine (name, non pathological causes & pathological causes)
ketonuria
stress, pregnancy
diabetes mellitus
kidney (juxtaglomerular cells) produce what hormone & its effects
renin
converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
liver produces what hormone/substance & its effects
angiotensinogen (plasma protein)
precursor to angiotensin I
blood vessels produce what hormone/substance & its effects
ACE; converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
angiotensin II: increase thirst, system vasoconstriction, vasoconstrict affarent arteriole & stimulate adrenal gland to produce aldosterone
adrenal gland produce what hormone/substance & its effects
aldosterone
inserts Na+/K+ pump to increase Na reabsorption & K secretion at principal cells of DCT/CD
posterior pituitary gland produces what hormone/substance & its effects
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
inserts aquaporin II in collecting duct/late DCT to increase water reabsorption
heart produces what hormone/substance & its effects
atrial natriuretic peptide
decrease Na+ reabsorption, decrease water reabsorption
gland & hormone
thyroid gland & calcitonin
gland & hormone
parathyroid gland & parathyroid hormone
gland & hormone
adrenal gland & aldosterone
gland & hormone
posterior pituitary gland & ADH
4 acid base imbalances
metabolic alkalosis
metabolic acidosis
respiratory akalosis
respiratory acidosis
acid base (normal pH, [HCO3-], PCO2)
pH: 7.4
[HCO3-]: 24
PCO2: 40 mmHg
metabolic alkalosis (change, causes, compensation)
change: increased pH & [HCO3-]
cause: alkaline tide, ingestion of tums & baking soda, vomiting
compensation: respiratory; hypoventialtion
metabolic acidosis (change, causes, compensation)
change: decreased pH, decreased [HCO3-]
causes: increased ketone bodies (starvation, keto diet, diabetes mellitus), increased anaerobic exercise, diarrhea
compensation: respiratory; hyperventilation
respiratory alkalosis (change, causes & compensation)
change: increased pH, decreased PCO2
causes: high altitude, mechanical ventilation, hyperventilation, sever anxiety
compensation: renal; decreased H+ secretion & decreased HCO3 reabsorption (occurs at intercalated cell & proximal convoluted tubule)
respiratory acidosis (change, causes & compensation)
change: decreased pH, increased PCO2
causes: sleep apnea, asthma, COPD/emphysema, alcohol/CNS depressant
compensation: renal; increased H+ secretion & increased HCO3- reabsorption
acid base imbalance in orange? causes? compensation?
respiratory acidosis
causes: sleep apnea, asthma, COPD/emphyema, alcohol/CNS depressant
compensation: renal compensation (increased H+ secretion & HCO3- reabsorption)
acid base imbalance in dark blue? causes? compensation?
combined respiratory & metabolic acidosis
causes: respiratory + metabolic acidosis causes
compensation: no
acid base imbalance in purple? causes? compensation?
metabolic acidosis
causes: starvation (increased ketone bodies), increased anaerobic exercise & diarrhea
compensation: respiratory compensation (hyperventilate)
acid base imbalance in yellow? cause? compensation?
metabolic alkalosis
causes: alkaline tide, vomiting, ingestion of tums/baking soda
compensation: respiratory compensation (hypoventilate)
acid base imbalance in light blue? causes? compensation?
combined respiratory & metabolic alkalosis
causes: respiratory & metabolic alkalosis causes
compensation: none
acid base imbalance in dark magenta? causes? compensation?
respiratory alkalosis
causes: high altitude, hyperventilation, severe anxiety & mechanical ventilation
compensation: renal compensation (decrease H+ secretion & HCO3- reabsorption)
Note 
Flashcard (69)