Fluid and Electrolytes

Sodium normal values

135-145

Hyponatremia

Confusion, headache, seizures, muscle weakness, N/V, coma (severe)

Hypernatremia

Thirst, dry mucous membranes, restlessness, irritability, confusion, seizures, SIGNS OF DEHYDRATION

Potassium normal values

3.5-5.0

Hypokalemia

MUSCLE WEAKNESS, cramps, constipation/ileus, FLAT OR INVERTED T WAVES, DYSRHTHYMIAS, weak pulses, orthostatic hypotension

Hyperkalemia

MUSCLE CRAMPS —> WEAKNESS —> PARALYSIS, TALL PEAKED T WAVES, dysrhythmias, paresthesia’s, cardiac arrest (severe)

Calcium normal values

9.0-10.5

Hypocalcemia

TETANY, numbness/tingling around mouth, muscle spasms, CHVOSTEK’S SIGN, TROUSSEAU’S SIGN, seizures, laryngospasm

Hypercalcemia

BONES, STONES, GROANS, PSYCHIATRIC OVERTONES, bone pain, kidney stones, constipation, abdominal pain, confusion, muscle weakness

Magnesium normal values

1.8-2.4

Hypomagnesmia

hyperactive reflexes, tremors, seizures, TOSADES DE POINTES, insomnia

Hypermagnesmia

HYPOREFLEXIA, muscle weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression, cardiac arrest (severe)

Calcium is inversely related with

Phosphate and Magnesium

Sodium is inversely related with

Potassium