AP Biology - Chapter 5 Review

What are the elements that make up carbohydrates?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

What is the building block of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides.

What are examples of monosaccharides?

Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose.

What two functional groups are present in carbohydrates?

Multiple hydroxyl (-OH) and one carbonyl (C=O).

What is an aldehyde sugar called?

Aldose.

What distinguishes a ketone sugar?

The carbonyl group is in the middle of the molecule (Ketose).

What are disaccharides?

Two bonded monosaccharides.

How are disaccharides formed?

Through glycosidic linkage via dehydration synthesis.

What are important examples of disaccharides?

Maltose (malt sugar), Sucrose (table sugar), Lactose (milk).

What is the composition of sucrose?

Glucose + Fructose.

What is glycogen?

A highly branched polymer of glucose in muscles and liver used for quick energy.

What is cellulose?

The β form of glucose, most abundant organic compound, not digestible.

What are the main building blocks of lipids?

Glycerol, Fatty Acids, and Phosphate group.

What is a triacylglycerol?

A lipid made up of glycerol and three fatty acids.

What characterizes saturated fats?

They contain only single bonds and are solid at room temperature.

What is a key function of phospholipids?

They form the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes.

What defines steroid lipids?

Lipids with 4 fused carbon rings.

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acids.

What is the primary structure of proteins?

The order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

What occurs in the secondary structure of proteins?

Coiling and folding due to hydrogen bonds.

What stabilizes the tertiary structure of a protein?

Disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds.

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

An aggregation of 2 or more polypeptide chains.

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA).

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA → RNA → protein.

What makes up a nucleotide?

A nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group.

What is a polynucleotide?

A polymer of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds.

What is the structure of DNA described as?

A double helix with hydrogen bonds between paired bases.

What are the biological roles of nucleic acids?

Nucleic acids are crucial for the storage and transmission of genetic information, and they play a significant role in the synthesis of proteins.

How are nitrogenous bases in nucleotides categorized?

Nitrogenous bases in nucleotides are divided into two categories: purines, which include Adenine and Guanine, and pyrimidines, which consist of Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil.

What is the significance of RNA in the process of protein synthesis?

RNA acts as a messenger that carries the genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosomes, where