cytokines

Cytokine: IL-1

Promotes fever & inflammation (a pro-inflammatory cytokine).

Cytokine: TNF-α

Triggers inflammation and apoptosis, helping to initiate cell death in infected or damaged cells.

Cytokine: IL-6

Acts as an acute-phase responder; stimulates antibody production. It also collaborates with TGF-β to promote Th17 differentiation.

Cytokine: IL-10

Downregulates inflammation & suppresses immune activation.

Cytokine: TGF-β

Promotes regulatory T cell (Treg) function and immune tolerance; when combined with IL-6, contributes to Th17 cell differentiation.

Cytokine: IL-2

Stimulates T-cell proliferation; serves as a T-cell growth factor.

Cytokine: IL-4

Drives B-cell differentiation and IgE production; induces naïve T cells toward Th2 differentiation.

Cytokine: IL-5

Enhances eosinophil activity, playing a crucial role in allergic responses.

Cytokine: IFN-γ

Activates macrophages and enhances the cytotoxic function of T cells; central in mediating cell-mediated immunity.

Cytokine: G-CSF

Stimulates the production and maturation of neutrophils.

Cytokine: M-CSF

Promotes the differentiation and maintenance of macrophages.

Cytokine: IL-7

Supports lymphocyte development, crucial for T cell and B cell maturation.

Cytokine: CXCL8 (IL-8)

Functions as a chemoattractant, recruiting neutrophils to sites of infection.

Cytokine: IL-12

Induces Th1 cell differentiation, thereby enhancing cellular immunity.

Pathway: Th1 Differentiation

Promotes the development of Th1 cells, which produce IFN-γ to activate macrophages and drive cellular immunity.

Pathway: Th2 Differentiation

Induces Th2 cell differentiation that promotes B-cell antibody production and drives allergic responses.

Pathway: Th17 Differentiation

Together, these cytokines induce Th17 cell development, leading to the production of IL-17 and IL-22, which further promote inflammation and neutrophil recruitment.

Pathway: Treg Differentiation

Drive the development of regulatory T cells that help maintain immune tolerance and suppress overactive inflammatory responses.

Pathway: CTL Activation

Supports the growth and activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes that target and kill infected or cancerous cells