AP Exam Sept 19th

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical processes occurring in the body

Responsiveness

Ability to detect and respond to change

Movement

From moving the body to movement of the cells

Growth

increase in cell size, number, or both

Differentiation

development of cells from unspecialized cells

Reproduction

production of new cells/organisms

Homeostasis

Maintenance of relatively stable conditions inside the body

Stimulus

disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a controlled condition

Controlled condition

monitored by receptors

receptors

send nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center

control center

that receives the input and provides nerve impulses or chemical signals to effectors

Effectors

that bring about a change or response

Response

alters the controlled condition, and then returns to homeostasis when response brings controlled condition back to normal

Negative Feedback System

Reverse a change in a controlled condition

what is an example of a negative feedback system

Blood pressure regulation or thermostat

Positive Feedback System

Strengthen or reinforces a change in a controlled condition

What is an example of a positive feedback system

Childbirth or fruit ripening

Atom

Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of the element

Subatomic particles

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

What unit elements are in the Nucleus?

Protons and Neutrons

Structures of Plasma Membrane

Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates

Polar heads are…

hydrophilic

Nonpolar tails are…

hydrophobic

The plasma membrane functions are (4):

Separates cells internal environment from external; controls flow of substance in and out of cell; intercellular signaling

Channel-mediated:

Facilitated Diffusion of K+ ions through a gated K+ Channel

Carrier-mediated:

Facilitated diffusion of glucose across a plasma membrane

Osmosis

Diffusion of water(solvent) through selectively permeable membrane

What influences osmosis?

Based on water/solute concentration gradient

How does water move?

It passes through the lipid bilayer and aquaporins

Aquaporins

facilitating the rapid transport of water molecules through diffusion

Tonicity

The measure of a solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content

Isotonic

Equal concentration of solutes; cell size doesn’t change

Hypotonic

Lower concentration of solutes; cell reputures

Vesicular Transport:

Transport large, polar molecules or multimolecular materials

Endocytosis

Bringing extracellular material into the cell

3 main types of Endocytosis

Bulk-phase(pinocytosis), Receptor-mediated, Phagocytosis

Exocytosis

Move materials out of the cell

This is a reminder to study Cell structure answer (OK)

OK

Transcription is in the…

nucleus

Translation is in the

Cytoplasm

Another name for Mitosis

somatic cell division

what 3 phases are in Interphase

G1, S, G2

G1 Phase

Cell metabolically active, duplicates organelles, centrosome replication begins

S phase

DNA replicated

G2 Phase

cell growth continues; enzymes and other proteins are synthesized; centrosome replication completed

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Mitotic Phase

Mitosis

somatic cells with diploid number of chromosomes

Meiosis

Gametes with haploid number of chromosomes

During mitosis, the division of one cell results in two identical daughter cells.

True

During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose generates two molecules of pyruvic acid which directly enter the Krebs cycle.

False

Autophagy, autolysis and extracellular digestion are all functions of lysosomes.

True

__ is the phase of mitosis during which the nuclear envelope breaks down.

prophase

During protein synthesis, __ exits the nucleus and serves as genetic code for the protein.

mRNA

The process of glycolysis occurs in which cellular compartment?

cytoplasm

which of the following is not a function of the plasma membrane

transcription from DNA to RNA