a

“Americans today . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs

destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded

with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products which are royal

monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading

privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all

exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding.”

Simón

Bolívar,

Jamaica

Letter,

1815

The quotation above best supports which of the following conclusions about the author’s motives for resistance to

Spanish colonial rule in Latin America?

(A) Bolívar opposed the use of Native Americans and Africans as forced laborers in Latin America.

(B) Bolívar rejected Spanish mercantilist policies that restricted free trade in Latin America.

(C) Bolívar was alarmed by the excessive consumerism in the Spanish empire.

(D) Bolívar hoped to undo the effects of the columbian exchange.

“Americans today . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs

destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded

with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products which are royal

monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading

privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all

exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding.”

Simón

Bolívar,

Jamaica

Letter,

1815

The quotation above best supports which of the following conclusions about the author’s motives for resistance to

Spanish colonial rule in Latin America?

(A) Bolívar opposed the use of Native Americans and Africans as forced laborers in Latin America.

(B) Bolívar rejected Spanish mercantilist policies that restricted free trade in Latin America.

(C) Bolívar was alarmed by the excessive consumerism in the Spanish empire.

(D) Bolívar hoped to undo the effects of the columbian exchange.

Bolívar rejected Spanish mercantilist policies that restricted free trade in Latin America.

The information on the map most strongly suggests which of the following about Argentina’s railways in the late

nineteenth century?

(A) They were built with direct financing from the Argentinian government.

(B) They contributed to economic activity by connecting interior regions to the coast.

(C) They were primarily used to bring imported raw materials to Argentina’s industrial steel mills.

(D) They followed previously established caravan trade routes.

They contributed to economic activity by connecting interior regions to the coast.

Which of the following groups was Bolívar most trying to influence with this letter?

(A) Mulatto shopkeepers

(B) Plantation slaves

(C) Amerindian miners

(D) Creole elites

creole elites

Bolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies?

(A) Feudalism

(B) Mercantilism

(C) Socialism

(D) Capitalism

Mercantilism

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data in the table?
Responses
A
Traditional elites introduced complex financial practices.
B
Financial practices facilitated deeper global economic integration.
C
Transnational businesses incorporated local merchants into their companies.
D
Governments sought to stimulate economic activity through lending.

Financial practices facilitated deeper global economic integration.

Which of the following most likely explains the differences in the perceived risk associated with investing in land in

(A) While improvements in agricultural productivity made investing in land in Britain relatively safe, Britain was

still in the process of securing its control over India.

(B) Britain had a well-developed cottage manufacturing economy that could supplement agricultural income,

while India did not.

(C) Rapid urbanization in Britain facilitated large increases in land prices, while the decline of the Mughal

Empire led to economic stagnation in India.

(D) While Britain had irrigation systems that made its agricultural land productive, India’s climate made

While improvements in agricultural productivity made investing in land in Britain relatively safe, Britain was still in the process of securing its control over India.

Over the course of the nineteenth century, the risks associated with financing the trading voyages of European

ships would

(A) decrease, as steamships offered a more reliable and safer method of oceanic transportation

(B) increase, as Asian navies became more of a threat to European navies

(C) increase, as the rise of new colonial powers such as Italy and Germany threatened international trade

(D) decrease, as international organizations succeeded in eliminating almost all piracy

decrease, as steamships offered a more reliable and safer method of oceanic transportation

“My Friends,

Although I am not the same color as you, I have always regarded you as my brothers. Nature formed you with the same

reason and the same virtues as White people. Reducing a man to slavery and keeping him in servitude steals everything

nature has given him.

The justice of nations requires the destruction of slavery. We have shown that this destruction will harm neither commerce

nor the wealth of a nation because it would not result in any decrease in agricultural production. We have shown that the

master has no right over his slave; that the act of keeping him in servitude is not a property right but a crime; that freeing

the slaves is not an act that attacks property, but rather it addresses a crime that should have been punishable by law. The

sovereign therefore owes no compensation to the master of slaves.”

Nicolas de Condorcet, French philosopher, Reflections on Black Slavery, essay published in 1781

9. Which of the following are most likely the intended audience of the passage?

(A) The French nobility

(B) Owners of enslaved persons

(C) Judges and lawyers

(D) People of color

People of color

Condorcet’s arguments in the passage best reflect the principles of (A) capitalism (B) the Enlightenment (C) absolutism (D) mercantilism

the enlightenment

Based on the second paragraph, Condorcet would most likely have supported which of the following?

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Page 4 of 17 AP World History: Modern

(A) Abolition of the slave trade but not slavery itself

(B) Abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a constitutional government

(C) Reimbursement of plantation owners for the loss of their property

(D) Immediate abolition of slavery as a practice incompatible with universal laws

Immediate abolition of slavery as a practice incompatible with universal laws

Which of the following European developments is most closely associated with the revolution in Haiti?

(A) The Protestant Reformation

(B) The Russian Revolution

(C) The French Revolution

(D) The Industrial Revolution

The French Revolution

The Indian liberal view of women discussed in the passage is best understood in the context of which of the

following?

(A) Changes in gender roles as a result of Indian industrialization

(B) Emerging women’s suffrage and feminist movements

(C) The predominantly male migration of Indian indentured labor overseas

(D) The development of more effective means of birth control

Emerging women’s suffrage and feminist movements

Based on Bayly’s argument, Indian liberal ideas were most clearly influenced by which of the following?

(A) Classical Indian religious and philosophical traditions

(B) Marxist political theories of class struggle

(C) Enlightenment concepts of natural rights

(D) Laissez-faire capitalism espoused by European thinkers

Enlightenment concepts of natural rights

In what way did the Haitian Revolution differ from the French Revolution?

(A) The French Revolution was inspired by Enlightenment ideas while the Haitian Revolution was not.

(B) The Haitian Revolution began because of unfair taxation by the French king.

(C) The leaders of the Haitian Revolution came from a different social class than did the leaders of the French

Revolution.

(D) The leaders of the French Revolution

The leaders of the Haitian Revolution came from a different social class than did the leaders of the French

Revolution.

The disputes over women’s rights alluded to in the letter best reflect which of the following late-nineteenth-century

changes in Middle Eastern societies?

(A) The abolition of the veil following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire

(B) The expansion of mass public education for both boys and girls

(C) The growing popular support for parliamentary forms of governance

(D) The spread of intellectual and political debates informed by Enlightenment ideas

The growing popular support for parliamentary forms of governance

Which of the following groups in late-nineteenth-century Egypt would have been most likely to support the author's

ideas expressed in the letter?

(A) Muslim religious scholars

(B) Subsistence peasants

(C) Urban middle classes

(D) Large landowners

Urban Middle class

Which of the following contributed the most to the growth of the movement to abolish slavery in the Atlantic

(A) Increased availability of Asian indentured labor

(B) The adaptation of Enlightenment ideas challenging established social hierarchies

(C) The efforts of industrialists to create a more flexible workforce

(D) A decline in the number of enslaved persons being taken from Africa

The adaptation of Enlightenment ideas challenging established social hierarchies

Many historians have argued that by the late nineteenth century the industrialized nations of Europe had achieved

global economic dominance more through force and coercion than through the superiority of their industrial

products. Which of the following nineteenth-century developments would best support this contention?

(A) The growth of industrial production in North America

(B) The growth of South American agricultural exports

(C) The abolition of slavery in the Americas

(D) The decline of the Indian textile industry’s share of global manufacturing

The decline of the Indian textile industry's share of global manufacturing

Which of the following best describes how nineteenth-century European industrialization affected European

women’s lives?

(A) By the end of the century, new social welfare legislation made it possible for most women to earn university

degrees.

(B) Married women found it increasingly difficult to balance wage work and family responsibilities.

(C) By the end of the century, women gained the right to vote in most European countries.

(D) Women came to dominate the agricultural workforce as men moved to cities to take industrial jobs.

Married women found it increasingly difficult to balance wage work and family responsibilities.

Adoption of which of the following power sources has contributed the most to increasing the energy available to

humans?

(A) Draft animals

(B) Wind power

(C) Fossil fuels

(D) Nuclear power

Fossil Fuels

Which of the following most likely influenced Fukuzawa’s views in the passage?

(A) The Tokugawa Shogunate’s policy of limiting contacts between Japan and the rest of the world

(B) The emphasis on peaceful resolution of conflicts in Shinto and Buddhist religious traditions

(C) The forcible “opening up” of Japanese markets to the West, which led to the Meiji Restoration

(D) The suppression of the Taiping Rebellion in China, which resulted in significant loss of life

The forcible "opening up" of Japanese markets to the West, which led to the Meiji Restoration

The gender and age makeup of the workforce shown in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following phenomena

in mid-nineteenth-century European society?

(A) Working-class families and bourgeois families generally had similar occupational patterns.

(B) Within factories, skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued

to perform mostly unskilled factory work.

(C) The development of working-class neighborhoods was characterized by unsanitary living conditions and high

levels of crime.

(D) As more women moved into office or clerical jobs, factory owners’ treatment of female workers improved.

Within factories, skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued to perform mostly unskilled factory work.

Image 1 best illustrates which of the following broad economic transformations in the period circa 1750 ?

(A) The transition from an industrial to a postindustrial economy

(B) The transition from a human- and animal-powered economy to a fossil-fuel economy

(C) The transition from the First Industrial Revolution to the Second Industrial Revolution

(D) The transition from guild-system manufacturing to putting-out-system manufacturing

The transition from a human- and animal-powered economy to a fossil-fuel economy

Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the processes illustrated in the images?

(A) A renewed push for overseas colonies as European countries competed for new sources of coal

(B) The launch of European-sponsored industrialization efforts in Asian and African countries

(C) A decline in Asian countries’ share of world manufacturing as Asian goods lost ground to European imports

(D) The emergence of Germany as the dominant industrial power in Europe following German unification

A decline in Asian countries’ share of world manufacturing as Asian goods lost ground to European imports

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some governments responded to the growing popularity of ideas such as the ones expressed in the passage by doing which of the following? (A) Increasing the number of financial instruments available to help expand transnational businesses (B) Expanding colonial territories and increasing industrial production (C) Passing reforms designed to improve the conditions of industrial workers (D) Opening large sectors of the economy to foreign direct investment

Passing reforms designed to improve the conditions of industrial workers

Which of the following best explains the general increase in the living standards of industrial workers between 1800

and 1914 ?

(A) Deficit-spending policies by governments in major industrial states

(B) The implementation of strong protective tariffs

(C) The increased supply of inexpensive consumer goods

(D) Implementation of utopian socialist ideas in the organization of factory labor

The increased supply of inexpensive consumer goods

Which of following best explains a likely reason for the title of the image?

(A) The prevalence of slave labor, which was used within the factories

(B) The soot pollution, which resulted from the coal industry in the region

(C) The increase in the use of timber, which was transported along the canals

(D) The construction of factory buildings, which increased throughout the town

The soot pollution, which resulted from the coal industry in the region

The image best illustrates which factor that contributed to Great Britain’s increasing prominence as a global power in the nineteenth century? (A) Great Britain’s location on the Atlantic Ocean and its many waterways enabled it to import and export goods. (B) Agricultural innovations, such as crop rotation and higher-yielding seeds, increased British agricultural output, kept food prices low, and freed up labor from the countryside. (C) Great Britain’s rapidly growing population ensured a steady supply of industrial workers. (D) Great Britain’s access to foreign

Great Britain’s location on the Atlantic Ocean and its many waterways enabled it to import and export goods.

The technological processes reflected in the image had the most direct influence on which of the following?

(A) The French Revolution

(B) The beginnings of the decolonization movement

(C) The rise of Japan in the Meiji era

(D) The expansion of the Ottoman Empire

The rise of Japan in the Meiji era

The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain was most influenced by which of the following factors?

(A) The amount and location of British petroleum reserves

(B) The location and large number of British coal deposits

(C) The aggressive promotion of industrialization by George III

(D) The spread of cotton cultivation in southern England

The location and large number of British coal deposits

Which of the following best supports the view of some world historians that the eighteenth century marked a major

turning point in world history?

(A) The beginning of European colonization of Africa

(B) The beginning of the Wahhabi movement of Islamic renewal in Arabia

(C) The beginning of European colonization of Australia and New Zealand

(D) The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England

The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England

Which of the following most directly contributed to the overall trend in the percentages of industrial production and

heavy industry as shown in the table for the period 1890–1938 ?

(A) The Japanese annexation of Manchuria

(B) The Meiji reforms

(C) Japan’s defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War

(D) Japan’s entry into the World Trade Organization

The Meiji reforms

For the period circa 1890 to 1910, which of the following countries experienced industrialization trends most

similar to those for Japan, as shown in the table?

(A) Qing China

(B) Dutch Indonesia

(C) Germany

(D) The Ottoman Empire

Germany

Which of the following best explains Kartini’s familiarity with the ideas regarding social roles that she discusses in

her letter?

(A) The expansion of public education systems as governments increasingly centralized

(B) The spread of Enlightenment thought as empires consolidated control over their territories

(C) The development of new mass media technologies such as radio

(D) The increasing overseas migration of Asians as laborers in European colonies

The spread of Enlightenment thought as empires consolidated control over their territories

Based on the letter, Kartini’s views were most similar to the views espoused by members of which of the following

movements?

(A) The socialist movement

(B) The early feminist movement

(C) The abolitionist movement

(D) The anti-imperialist movement

The early feminist movement

As described in the passage, the voting requirements in Japan circa 1878 most directly reflect the continuing

influence of

(A) societal norms that assigned women lower status than the status of men

(B) nationalistic ideals that mobilized Japanese men to support imperial expansion

(C) middle-class ideals that motivated women to seek work outside the household

(D) Buddhist principles that emphasized the spiritual equality of men and women

societal norms that assigned women lower status than the status of men

The author’s argument regarding taxation most closely resembles the arguments made by

(A) Enlightenment thinkers regarding natural rights and the social contract

(B) working-class movements regarding better wages and working conditions

(C) abolitionist movements regarding the need to end the Atlantic slave trade

(D) conservative thinkers regarding the need to preserve the social status of landed elites

Enlightenment thinkers regarding natural rights and the social contract