Human Geography Ch 2

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Population density

A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

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Arithmetic Population Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Population Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land

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Population Distribution

Description of locations on Earth's surface where populations live

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Dot Map

Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population.

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Megalopolis

A region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together

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Census

A periodic and official count of a country's population.

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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

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Aging Index

the number of people aged 65 years and older per 100 children aged zero to 14 years in a given population

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Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

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Population Explosion

The rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase

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Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

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Natural Increase

Population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths; does not reflect either emigrant or immigrant movements

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Stationary Population Level (SPL)

The level at which a national population ceases to grow

Population Composition

Structure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education

Population Pyramids

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Child Mortality Rate (CMR)

A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population

Life Expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

Infectious Diseases

Diseases that are caused by infecting organisms; they can be passed from person to person

Chronic or Degenerative Diseases

Generally long-lasting afflictions now more common because of higher life expectancies.

Genetic or Inherited Diseases

Diseases caused by variation or mutation of a gene or group of genes in a human.

Endemic Disease

disease constantly present in a population

HIV/AIDS

Virus that destroys the immune system that should protect the body from diseases. The disease is passed from person to person through sexual acts, blood transfusions, used hypodermic needles, or from mother to child during birth.

Expansive Population Policies

Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth

Eugenic Population Policies

Government policies designed to favor one racial or cultural sector of the population over others

Restrictive Population Policies

Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase

One-Child Policy

A program established by the Chinese government in 1979 to slow population growth in China.