Logic and Philosophy Lecture Notes

Flashcards from lecture notes, focusing on vocabulary terms, definitions, and key concepts.

Logic

The study of good reasoning.

Philosophy

The systematic investigation of fundamental questions concerning topics such as existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language.

Triple-A Treatment

Articulate, Analyze, and Argue.

Thales

First philosopher; believed the fundamental element was water.

Anaximander

Second philosopher; believed the fundamental element was boundless.

Anaximenes

Third philosopher; believed the fundamental element was air; introduced condensation and rarefaction.

J.T.B

Justified true beliefs.

Instrumental Good

Good as a means to an end.

Intrinsic Good

Good in themselves.

Deductive

Certainty.

Indicative

Probability.

Arche

Origin.

Exposition

Process.

B.I.O

Beliefs, ideas, opinions.

Metaphysics

Study of reality.

Epistemology

Theory of knowledge.

Ethics

Deals with morals.

Pythagorean a^2 + b^2= c^2

Formula for the right angle lengths and sides.

Know Thyself

To examine or look to yourself.

Empirical

Sciences bridge chemistry, physics, etc.

Rationalist Apriori

Sciences based on math and logic.

Analysis

Structural relation.

True or False Argument

Arguments are valid or invalid.

Atomic Theory

All things are made of atoms, little particles that move around and not interact with each other.

Thales

First philosopher in western tradition; thought everything was made of water.

Milesian Philosophers

Discovery of nature and introduction to argument of debate.

Paramenides

Introduced common sense & problem of change; change is an illusion.

Zeno

Follower of Paramerides; you can't step into the Same river twice.

Divisibility of Elements

Atomon!

the atomic

Leucippus + Democritus.

Leucippus

Reality in compound of atomo & void.

Empodocles' 4 Roots

Earth, air, fire, water.

Empodocles' Forces

Love (attraction), strife (repulsion).

Dialectical Resolution

New thesis.

Counter examples

Things that fit the term of the theory but cannot be true.

Cicero

Socrates brought philosophy down from the sky.

Ethics

Fundamental nature of morality.

The only thing he knows is he knows nothing

Socrates is wise by being aware of his own ignorance.

Stephanus

Numbering of pages on the side of the text.

Dialectic

Thesis antithesis, synthesis truth seeker

Eidos

Essential meaning (general).

Dependent

The say so of the gods.

Midursfery

Drawing knowledge farther pouring it into the student.

Dialectic

Truth seeking.

Elenchus

Method of reflection.

Eidos

Piety what gods love and impiety is what gods don't like.

(x + -x)

A contradiction.

The most difficulty in the most challenged

The question of Euthyphro.

DCT- DIVINE COMMAND THEORY

Is it morally correct because God commands it?

LEIBRY

German philosopher -God does create more of goodness simply by his will.

Socrates

To admit our ignorance.

An Argument

Premises that are offered to prove or support a conclusion.

Validity

Argument with good form.

Chain Argument

Hypothetical syllogism.

Peripatetic

Moving around - philosophers.

Proof- Support

With detoxification.

Understood related to Concept

Certainty of what conclusion.

Scientific explanation

In the conditions Peleticuat laws.

Socratesan

There will be no end to the Mischief of man makes on our earth.

Socrates

View is us.

Socrates

Logical reasoning.

The idea of Proof

The Babylonians.

4 valid

Good logic forms.

Funky idea in Validity

Logic is a truth preserving of mechanism.

Genetic fallacy

It is invalid to infer that the origin of things defines the things as it is.

AN ARGUMENT IS INVALID

When the truth goes bad.

Truth value

True/False.

Empirical

If you have to make observations.

Apriori

Sciences that are based upon reason alone you don't have to do empirical studies.

Categorical logic

Categories.

Negation

All A’s are B’S /; some jailhouse informants are not people who can be trusted.

Proof methods

Euler's circle and Venn diagrams.

Valentay

If the argument/ form is true/valid the conclusion is guaranteed.

Sound

The premises are not true but the structure is valid.

Venn diagram

The concept of proof.

On the line

That is divided put the * on the divided line.

Fallacies

Are mistakes in reasoning, especially ones that are tempting to make!

Ad Verecundiam fallacy

Inappropriate authority.

Ad Hominem fallacy

To the man.

Ad Misericordiam

Appeal to pity.

Cogent

Strong, good inductive Argument.