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Little Turtle & The Western Confederacy (7b)
Conflict | 1790-91
American negotiators would invoke the Paris treaty regarding Britian’s Indian allies as conquered peoples, the US government would then assert sovereignty and ownership over the trans-Appalachian west.
Indian nations rejected both claims (conquered & land ownership)
Land speculators used liquor and other bribes to take more than one million acres of land
The Treaties of Fort McIntosh and Fort Finney pushed Indian groups out of the future state of Ohio.
Tribes continued to reject claims, arguing that they were made under duress.
American negotiators recognized the failure of these agreements and arranged an agreement at Fort Hammer, but Indian leaders refused to attend.
To defend their lands Potawatomi & Miami Indians formed the Western Confederacy led by the Miami chief Little Turtle
Confederacy warriors crushed American forces sent by president Washington.
Mad Anthony Wayne (7b)
Person | 1794
Fearing an alliance between the Western Confederacy and the British in Canada, Washington doubled the size of the U.S. Army and ordered General “Mad Anthony” Wayne to lead.
Battle of Fallen Timers & Greenville Treaty (7b)
Conflict & Treaty | 1794 & 1795
Despite Mad Anthony defeating the Western Confederacy the Western Confederacy continued to resist a compromise. This resulted in the Treaty of Greenville in which America negotiators acknowledged Indian ownership of land in return for various payments.
Mad Anthony defeats western confederacy
Still, Indians continue to revolt.
Force American negotiators to create the Treaty of Greenville
American negotiators acknowledged Indian ownership.
In return for various payments, the Indians give up most of Ohio.
Sparked a wave of white migration sparking even more conflicts with the Indians
Assimilation (7b)
Concept
During the white migration westward, Indian populations were encouraged to assimilate into white societies however the very idea of white society meant repudiating the “old Indian way”.
Indians were anti-nuclear family because it meant repudiating the clan, the very essence of Indian life.
Few Indian leaders sought a middle path which new beliefs overlapped with the old
Indian & Christian mixing
This mixing further divided Indian clans
Most Indians rejected efforts to of Americans to turn warriors into farmers and women into domestic helpmates.
Barbary Wars (7b)
Conflict | 1801-1815
When Jefferson took office, he inherited the conflict between the pirates of the Barbary states of North Africa that raided merchant ships.
Before Jefferson was in office the United States paid an annual bribe
Jefferson initially rejected to pay this bribe and order the US navy to attack the pirates.
Eventually Jefferson signed a peace treaty but soon enough the pirates were back to old habits.
Finally, in 1815, President Madison sent a fleet of ten warships to the Barbary Coast
John Marshall (7b)
Person | 1801+
The new chief justice of the Supreme Court
Jefferson complains that the Federalists “have retired into the judiciary as a stronghold”
Declared that ONLY the Supreme Court held the power of constitutional review.
Determined to protect individual property rights
The contract clause (in Article I, Section 10)
Marbury v. Madison & Judicial Review (7b)
Court | 1803
Found conflict with Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution and declared unconstitutional clause of Judiciary Act of 1789.
Established Court's authority to review legislation and interpret Constitution
Marshall asserted Marbury's right to appointment under Judiciary Act of 1789
Chief justice emphasized judiciary's duty to define the law, challenging Republican view on state legislatures' power
Jefferson Reversals
Actions | 1801-1809
Policy Reversals:
Alien and Sedition Acts (1801): Congress branded them unconstitutional and refused to extend, reversing Federalist policies.
Naturalization Act Amendment: Restored the original waiting period of five years for resident aliens to become citizens.
Government Size and Power:
Federalist Policies Challenge: Charged Federalists with grossly expanding the national government’s size and power.
Congressional Action: Jefferson, with the Republican Congress, actively worked to shrink the government.
Taxation and Military Changes:
Abolition of Internal Taxes: Jefferson abolished all internal taxes, including the excise tax that sparked the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794.
Military Reduction: Reduced the size of the permanent army to address Republican fears of a military coup.
Judiciary Act Repeal:
Repeal of Judiciary Act (1801): Successfully secured the repeal, ousting forty of Adams’s midnight appointees.
Retention of Competent Federalists:
Pragmatic Approach: Despite policy changes, Jefferson retained competent Federalist officeholders.
Limited Removals: Only removed 69 of 433 properly appointed Federalists during his eight years as president.
Fletcher v. Peck (7b) (FIX)
Court | 1810
Protects property rights through broad reading of Constitution’s contract clause.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (7b) (FIX)
Court | 1819
Safeguards property rights, especially of chartered corporations
Court Decision: The Marshall Court sided with Dartmouth, affirming the contractual nature and protecting private institutions from legislative interference.
Webster cited Fletcher v. Peck, emphasizing the royal charter as an unalterable contract.
The Marshall Court, concurring with Webster, upheld Dartmouth’s claims.
Established legal protection for private institutions against arbitrary legislative changes.
Reinforced the importance of contracts in safeguarding institutions from state interference.
McCulloch v. Maryland (7b)
Court | 1819
A Supreme Court case that denied the right of states to tax the Second Bank of the United States. Federal law over state law when the two contradict each other.
Gibbons v. Ogden (7b)
Court | 1824
The decision struck down a New York law granting a monopoly to Aaron Ogden for steamboat passenger service across the Hudson River to New Jersey.
Asserted the dominance of national over state statutes.
Louisiana Purchase (7b)
Purchase | 1803
The U.S. acquired a vast territory from France in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Doubled the size of the nation and opened up new opportunities for westward expansion.
Negotiations:
Thomas Jefferson, U.S. President, initiated negotiations with France.
James Monroe and Robert Livingston were the American negotiators.
Agreement:
Purchase finalized in 1803 for $15 million from France.
Approximately 828,000 square miles of land acquired.
Lewis & Clark (7b)
Exploration | 1804
Jefferson sent his personal secretary Meriwether Lewis, to explore the Louisiana purchase with William Clark.
Mandan Life and Trade
Primarily horticulturists (corn, beans, squash).
Gained horses via trade, acquired goods from European traders.
Challenges
Devastated by smallpox (1779–1781, 1801–1802).
Threatened by Sioux tribes (Tetons, Yanktonais, Oglalas).
Sioux Expansion:
Sioux migrated westward due to scarcity of resources
Became aggressive buffalo hunters and posed a threat to farming tribes.
Lewis and Clark Expedition (1805-1806):
Explored 1,300 miles, crossed Rocky Mountains.
Party included Charbonneau and Sacagawea
Reached Pacific Ocean via Columbia River.
Indian Interactions:
Tribes sought guns for defense during the expedition.
Expedition's Impact:
Provided first maps of the wilderness to President Jefferson.
Contributed to the vision of a nation spanning the continent.
Embargo Act 1807 (7c)
Act | 1807
An act of Congress that prohibited U.S. ships from traveling to foreign ports and effectively banned overseas trade in an attempt to deter Britain from halting U.S. ships at sea.
The embargo caused grave hardships for Americans engaged in overseas commerce.
The embargo cut the American gross national product by 5 percent and weakened the entire economy.
Popular discontent with the embargo
War Hawks vs. Doves (7c)
Group | 1807+
Republican congressmen (War Hawks) from the West were certain that Britain was the primary offender of international commerce.
Support the War of 1812
Tecumseh (7c)
Person | 1809
Bolstered by British guns and supplies, the Shawnee war chief Tecumseh revived the Western Confederacy in 1809.
He urged Indian peoples to shun Americans.
“Return to traditional ways”
Indians of the western Great Lakes who had so far been largely shielded from the direct effects of U.S. westward expansion.
Battle of Tippecanoe (7c)
Conflict | 1811
Harrison took advantage of his [Tecumseh’s] absence and attacked Prophetstown.
The governor’s 1,000 troops and militiamen traded heavy casualties with the confederacy’s warriors at the Battle of Tippecanoe
Destroyed the holy village.
War of 1812 (7c)
Conflict | 1812
Overview
Initial U.S. invasion of British Canada in 1812 faced failure.
American successes in the West in 1813, including burning the Canadian capital and defeating British and Indian forces.
Eastern Challenges and Political Divisions
New England Federalists opposed the war.
Boston merchants and banks refused to support the federal government financially.
Daniel Webster led Federalist opposition in Congress.
War's Progress (1812-1814)
Most fighting occurred along the Canadian border.
British success in raiding Washington, D.C., burning Capitol and government buildings.
American victories in the Southwest, especially at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
Battle of Horseshoe Bend (7c)
Conflict | 1814
Andrew Jackson and a force of Tennessee militiamen defeated Creek Indians in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814) and forced the Indians to cede 23 million acres of land.
Hartford Convention (7c)
Event | 1814
American setbacks in the War of 1812 had increased public opposition to the war in New England. Massachusetts Federalists called for a convention in Hartford Connecticut.
Some proposed succession
Most proposed revision of the Constitution
End Viginia’s domination of the presidency
limit office to single four-year terms
restrict commercial embargoes to 60 days.
Require 2/3 of congress to declare war, prohibit trade, admit a new state
Treaty of Ghent
Treaty | 1814
The treaty signed on Christmas Eve 1814 that ended the War of 1812. It retained the prewar borders of the United States.
By 1815 Britain was very drained from its war with France and wanted peace
Negotiations took place in Ghent Belgium
Americans demanded land in Canada and Florida
British wanted buffer Indian states between Canada and America
Both realize that these objectives were not worth the cost of prolonged warfare.
Battle of New Orleans
Status Quo Ante-Bellum (7c)
Concept
A restoration of the borders of each nation as they existed before the war. (No change)
Andrew Jackson (7c)
Person
Was a rugged planter in the south, led militiamen in the battle of Horeshoe Bend and later a battle with the British in New Orleans.
Became a national hero
Battle of New Orleans (7c)
Conflict | 1814
Before news of the treaty reached home General Jackson’s troops crushed the British forces attacking New Orleans.
Raised morale.
Made Jackson a national hero.
Undermined the Hartford Conventions demands for Constitutional revision..
Henry Clay (7c)
Person | 1816+
Led the National Republicans that pursued Federalist like policies.
Proposed the “American System”
“Internal Improvements” (roads & canals) + Bonus Bill which Madison vetoed because of regional interests❌
Federal Tariffs to protect U.S. Manufactures (north benefit) ✅
Second Bank of the United States ✅
Adams-Onís Treaty (7c)
Treaty | 1819
John Quincy Adams persuaded Spain to cede the Florida territory to the United States.
American government accepted Spain’s claim to Texas and agreed to a compromise on the western boundary for the state of Louisiana.
Monroe Doctrine (7c)
Doctrine | 1823
Declaration by President James Monroe that the Western Hemisphere was closed to any further colonization or interference by European powers.
Monroe pledged that the United States would not become involved in European struggles.
Panic of 1819 (8a)
Event | 1819
Jeffersonians attacked the federal bank and when the bank’s charter finally expired many states turned to more local banks which had much shadier banking. protocols.
First major economic crisis of the United States.
Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices.
farmers’ income declined,
Farmers could not pay debts owed to stores and banks, many of which went bankrupt.
Gave Americans their first taste of a boom-and-bust economic cycle
Companionate Marriages (8b)
Concept | 1820s
A marriage based on the republican values of equality and mutual respect.
Husbands in these marriages retained significant legal power, they increasingly came to see their wives as loving partners rather than as inferiors or dependents.
Marriages “contracted from motives of affection, rather than of interest.”
Republican Motherhood (8b)
Concept | 1800s
The idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and republican virtue in their children and mold them into exemplary republican citizens.
Noah Webster (8b)
Person
Wanted to raise the nations intellectual prowess.
Wanted people to free themselves from
Foreign opinions and manners
Claimed they were fatal to the efforts of genius.
Published “Dissertation on the English Language”
American usage of English words
Proposed that words should be spelled as they were pronounced
African Americans were able to study it
Republican literary culture developed slowly
Missouri Compromise & Tallmadge v. Pinckney (8c)
Compromise | 1818
The abject failure of colonization set the stage for a major battle over slavery.
Missouri Block
Congressmen James Tallmadge of New York declared that he would only support statehood for Missouri if the following criteria were met.
Banned entry of new slaves
provided emancipation for existing slaves
Northern majority in the house of representatives blocked the territories admission as a state.
Maine Block
White southerners were horrified.
Southerns used their power in the senate to turn around and block Maine from becoming a separate state from Massachusetts.
Southern Argument
Invoked the principle of equal rights.
Congress could not impose conditions on Missouri that they had not imposed on previous states.
Maintained that the Constitution guaranteed a state’s sovereignty with respect to its internal affairs such as slavery.
Argued that Congress had no authority to infringe on property rights like owning slaves
Missouri Compromise
A series of political agreements devised by Speaker of the House Henry Clay.
Maine entered the Union as a free state and Missouri followed as a slave state, preserving a balance in the Senate between North and South.
Farther west, it set the northern boundary of slavery at the southern boundary of Missouri,
Missouri was the exception to this slavery border line.
Industrial Revolution (9a)
Event | 1790+
A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1790 and 1860.
Merchants and manufactures reorganized work routines, built factories and exploited natural resources.
Output increased; luxury items became “everybody” items.
Commonwealth System: The republican economy created by state governments by 1820.
states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.
Division of Labor (9a)
Concept | 1820s
A system of manufacture that divides production into a series of distinct and repetitive tasks performed by machines or workers.
Merchants in Lynn Massachusetts used this system to destroy small individual artisans and businesses.
Hired many semi-skilled men and set them up in large shops (factories) to produce shoes
Cut the price of shoes and boots
Eroded workers independence
Cyrus McCormick (9a)
Person | 1830s
Chicago: Used steam driven machines to make parts for farm reapers (old fashion farm equipment) which workers assembled in a line.
Waltham-Lowell System (9a)
System | 1822
A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell, Chicopee, and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Textile Plant in Waltham Massachusetts was the first American factory to produce clothes all under one roof.
Was more efficient and needed fewer workers then British looms.
Women lived under strict rules, curfews and were required to attend church.
Machine Tools (9a)
Technology | 1820-1860
Cutting, boring, and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts. (Machine that made other machines)
Assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines.
The rapid development of machine tools by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.
Eli Whitney (9a)
Person | 1793
Eli Whitney used his engineering knowledge to build a simple machine that separated the seeds in a cotton boll from the fibers, became known as the cotton gin.
Aspired wealth and status, attended yale, engineered the cotton gin.
Patented the cotton gin and allowed other manufactures to improve upon his design and captured the market.
Still after money Whitney began working on machines that could quickly manufacture military weapons such as muskets.
Remington Rifles (9a)
Firm | 1851
A reasonably priced rifle that came as a result of the Industrial Revolution and Machine Tools.
This American firm became a multinational business building goods and now selling them in Europe and America.
Singer Sewing Machines (9a)
Firm | 1851
Produced sewing machines.
This American firm became a multinational business building goods and now selling them in Europe and America.
Controlled 75% of the world market for sewing machines
Commonwealth v. Hunt (9a)
Court | 1842
In 1842, Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw supported workers' rights to form unions and strike for closed-shop agreements in Massachusetts.
Many judges still continued to resist unions by issuing injunctions and forbidding strikes.
Market Revolution (9b)
Event | 1820-1850
The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.
Increased economic output
farms
factories
Entreprenurial activities
Creation of a transportation network of roads, canals, and railroads.
National Road (9b)
Event | 1811-1839
Congress approved funds for a National Road made of gravel that began in Maryland and stretched to Illinois.
Used by many migrants that had heavily loaded wagons headed west
Migrants passed livestock herders headed for the eastern markets
Erie Canal & Canal Boom (9b)
Event | 1817
A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie.
The Erie Canal brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region.
Gave access to western markets.
Received backing from New York Governor
Paid for with taxes, tolls and bond sales to foreign investors
Many Irish immigrants dug out millions of cubic yards of soil to finish the canal
Prompted business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to ask for canals in their respective areas.
Forced state chartered banks to invest in canals
“The prosperity of America, her railroads, canals, steam navigation, and banks, are the fruit of English capital.”
Steamboat (9b)
Transportation | 1807
The steamboat, another product of the industrial age, added crucial flexibility to the Mississippi basin’s river-based transportation system.
Clermont: built by Robert Fulton, he piloted it up the Hudson river.
Used to navigate shallow river waters.
Dramatically increased the flow of goods, people and news.
Gibbons v. Ogden: void on steamboat monopoly travel to New York City (Manhattan)
John Deere Steel Plow (9b)
Person | 1847
Mass produced steel farm plows allowing farmers to cut through the thick sod of the prairies.
Franchise & Universal White Manhood Suffrage (10a)
Concept | 1830s
By the 1830s most states allowed nearly all white men to vote. Nowhere else in the world were ordinary people who held no political influence allowed to vote.
Political parties allowed voters to express their preferences to set or group of ideas.
Political Machines
Concept
As the power of the individual elite waned the emerging political parties were called “political machines” because they were run by professional politicians (middle class lawyers and journalists).
Ex. New York Tammany Hall
Canidates remained in office based off of the strength of the political organization and their personal relationship with voters.
Martin Van Buren
Person
Chief architect of the emerging system of party government.
Rejected traditional republican belief that political factions were dangerous.
Claimed that political factions actually prevented elected officials’ inherent disposition to abuse power.
Spoils System (10a)
Concept | 1829
The widespread award of public jobs to political supporters after an electoral victory.
Van Buren turned his bucktail supporters won control of the New York Legislature and appointed 6000 of their friends to government positions in New York.
Ex. Judges, Sherif, etc.
In 1829, Andrew Jackson instituted the system on the national level
Jackson said that the rotation of officeholders was much better than a permanent group of bureaucrats.
Election of 1824 (10a)
Event | 1824
After the War of 1812, the Federalist Party disappeared, and the Republican Party splintered into competing factions.
Five republican candidates campaigned for the presidency.
John Quincy Adams
Enjoyed national recognition.
Family’s prestige earned him the votes of New England
John C. Calhoun
Withdrew from the race and endorsed Jackson.
William H. Crawford
Ideological heir of Thomas Jefferson
Opposite of clay, did not want federal consolidation of power in Washington.
Henry Clay
Based his candidacy on the “American System.”
Wanted to continue the commonwealth system of the state governments.
Wanted to Strengthen Second Bank of the United States
Raise tax for “internal improvements.”
Andrew Jackson
Republican caucus selected Crawford as the nominee however the other candidates took their case to the voters.
Because no candidate received an absolute majority the 12th amendment set the rules (House of representatives would choose
Election of 1828 (10a)
Event | 1828
This time Martin Van Buren and the politicians handled Andrew Jackson’s campaign for presidency (the democrats) championed policies that appealed to both southern planters and northern farmers and artisans.
Popular Elections (10a)
Concept
Due to democratic reforms, 18 of 24 states required popular elections instead of a vote of the state legislature to choose their representatives to the electoral college.
Henry Clay (10a)
Person
Henry Clay based his candidacy on the "American System," advocating for the continuation of the commonwealth system, the strengthening of the Second Bank of the United States and raising taxes for internal improvements.
American System (10a)
Concept
The mercantilist system of national economic development advocated by Henry Clay and adopted by John Quincy Adams.
National bank to manage the nation’s financial system.
Protective tariffs to provide revenue and encourage industry.
Nationally funded network of roads, canals, and railroads.
Internal Improvements (10a)
Concept
Public infrastructure improvements such as road, canals, bridges, etc. These projects were funded under the Clay and Adams “American System”.
Corrupt Bargain (10a)
Event | 1824-1825
During the election of 1824 Henry Clay was excluded from the race so he used his influence to attack Jackson’s election. After John Quincy Adams was elected president he appointed Clay as his secretary of state.
Jackson’s supporters accused Clay and Adams of making a corrupt bargain.
Jackson’s supporters were committed to preventing Clay’s rise to presidency.
Tariff of Abominations (10a)
Tariff | 1828
A tariff enacted in 1828 on raw materials, textiles, and iron goods.
New York senator Van Buren hoped to win the support of farmers in New York, Ohio, and Kentucky with the tariff, but it enraged the South.
South had no industries that needed tariff protection and resented the higher cost of imported goods.
Democrats (10a)
Political Party | 1828
Behind the mastermind of Martin Van Buren, the Jacksonian “Democrats” held a massive publicity campaign to convey their democratic egalitarian message fighting for equality.
Claimed the republic had been corrupted by legislative charters that gave few individuals privileges that could not be enjoyed by all. (ex. Bank)
Jackson’s message appealed to many social groups.
His hostility towards large corporations and Clays “American System” won support from northeaster workers who felt threatened by Industrialization.
He remained popular the south and his hostility towards Indians reassured white farmers seeking Indian removal.
King Mob (10a)
Concept | 1828
A nickname given to Andrew Jackson by critics that is derived from his Inauguration when he rode into the white house followed by a mob of people who were invited in.
Popular Mandate (10b)
Concept | 1828
Andrew Jackson's election or “Popular Mandate” was seen as a direct and explicit expression of the will of the common people.
Transform the policies of the national government and the definition of the presidency.
Enhanced presidential authority,
Destroyed the mercantilist and nationalist American System,
Established a new ideology of limited government.
Kitchen Cabinet (10b)
Group
To make policy, Jackson relied on his Kitchen Cabinet.
Francis Preston Blair, who edited the Washington Globe, and Amos Kendall, who wrote Jackson’s speeches.
Roger B. Taney of Maryland, who became attorney general, treasury secretary, and then chief justice of the Supreme Court
Martin Van Buren, whom Jackson named secretary of state.
Patronage & Rotation of Office Holders & Spoils System (10b)
Concept
The practice of giving government positions, appointments, or benefits to individuals as a reward for their political support or loyalty.
Jackson used patronage to create a disciplined national party.
Rejected the idea of property in office (a qualified official held a position permanently)
Insisted on a rotation of officeholders when a new administration took power
Tariff of 1832 (10b)
Tariff | 1832
A Tariff implemented during Andrew Jackson’s presidency that reduced or eliminated the protective measures of the 1828 Tariff of Abominations.
Aimed to calm down the south (failed)
Nullification (10b)
Concept | 1832-1833
The constitutional argument advanced by John C. Calhoun that a state legislature or convention could void a law passed by Congress.
Pissed off by the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 south Carolinians adopted an ordinance of nullification.
Prohibited the collection of the tariffs in South Carolina and threatened secession if federal officials tried to collect them.
Jackson hoped to find a middle path between Webster’s strident nationalism and Calhoun’s radical doctrine of localist federalism.
The Constitution clearly gave the federal government the authority to establish tariffs, and Jackson vowed to enforce it.
John C. Calhoun & South Carolina Exposition (10b)
Document | 1828
A document written by Vice President John C. Calhoun that gave a localist interpretation to the federal union. Supported states’ rights because each state had its own distinct interests.
Calhoun was an obsessive defender of the interests of southern slave owners.
“Constitutional government and the government of a majority are utterly incompatible.”
Reflected the arguments in the Kentucy and Virgina Resolutions of 1798 (Jefferson & Madison)
States’ Rights (10b)
Concept
An interpretation of the Constitution that exalts the sovereignty of the states and circumscribes the authority of the national government.
Force Bill of 1833 & Resolution (kinda) (10b)
Bill | 1833
Congress in early 1833 passed a military Force Bill, authorizing the president to compel South Carolina’s obedience to national laws.
Simultaneously, Jackson addressed the South’s objections to high taxes which reduced them to the levels of 1816.
Second Bank of the U.S. (10b)
Organization | 1816 & 1832
National bank with multiple branches chartered in 1816 for twenty years.
Founded in Philadelphia in 1816, the bank was privately managed and operated under a twenty-year charter from the federal government.
The bank’s most important role was to stabilize the nation’s money supply, which consisted primarily of notes and bills of credit.
Kept the state banks from issuing too much paper money and depreciating its value.
Specie & Hard Money (10b)
Concept
The Second Bank of the United States held a considerable amount of specie (gold & silver) in its vaults, providing a stable backing for the paper money it issued and prevented smaller state banks from holding large amounts of money.
This cautious monetary policy pleased creditors.
Bankers and entrepreneurs in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, whose capital investments were underwriting (evaluating risk) economic development.
Expansion minded bankers believed that the bank was too conservative and demanded the bank be removed.
Nicholas Biddle (10b)
Bank Veto Message (10b)
Message | 1832
Jackson believed the bank was a privileged monopoly that promoted “the advancement of the few at the expense of … farmers, mechanics, and laborers.”
Same as Jefferson
Many British aristocrats owned the Bank’s stock.
Pet Banks (10b)
Organizations | 1833
Many middle-class Americans cheered for Jackson’s attack on corporations, and he met their wishes by appointing Roger B. Taney, a strong opponent of corporate privilege, as head of the Treasury Department.
Taney transferred the federal government’s gold and silver from the Second Bank to various state banks, which critics labeled Jackson’s “pet banks.”
To justify this abrupt (and probably illegal) transfer, Jackson declared that his reelection represented “the decision of the people against the bank” and gave him a mandate to destroy it.
Censure (10b)
Message | 1834
Jackson’s opponents in the Senate passed a resolution composed by Henry Clay that censured the president and warned of executive tyranny.
“We are in the midst of a revolution, hitherto bloodless, but rapidly descending towards a total change of the pure republican character of the Government, and the concentration of all power in the hands of one man.”
Sequoyah (10b)
Person | 1821
In 1821, a part-Cherokee silversmith, perfected a system of writing for the Cherokee language; six years later, mixed-race Cherokees devised a new charter of Cherokee government modeled directly on the U.S. Constitution.
90% of Cherokees resisted these cultural and political ideas but were equally determined to retain ancestral lands.
What the Cherokees did or wanted carried no weight with the Georgia legislature.
In 1802, Georgia had given up its western land claims in return for a federal promise to extinguish Indian landholdings in the state.
Indian Removal Act of 1830 (10b)
Act | 1830
Mandatory relocation of eastern tribes to territory west of the Mississippi.
Jackson insisted that his goal was to save the Indians and their culture.
Indians resisted the controversial act, but in the end, most were forced to comply.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (10b)
Court | 1831
Chief Justice John Marshall denied that claim and declared that Indian peoples were “domestic dependent nations.”
Worcester v. Georgia (10b)
Court | 1832
Marshall and the Court sided with the Cherokees against Georgia. Voiding Georgia’s extension of state law over the Cherokees.
Indian nations were “distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries, within which their authority is exclusive [and is] guaranteed by the United States.”
Instead of guaranteeing the Cherokees’ territory, the U.S. government took it from them anyway.
Treaty of New Echota (10b)
Treaty | 1835
American officials and a minority Cherokee faction negotiated the Treaty of New Echota, which specified that Cherokees would resettle in Indian Territory.
Only 2000 of 17000 Cherokees had moved by the deadline
Trail of Tears (10b)
Route | 1838
Forced westward journey of Cherokees from their lands in Georgia to present-day Oklahoma in 1838. Nearly a quarter of the Cherokees died on the route.
Implemented by Andrew Jackson after Cherokees failed to meet the resettlement deadline of the Treaty of New Echota
Second Seminole War (10b)
Conflict | 1840
During the 1840s, Seminoles fought a successful guerrilla war against the U.S. Army and retained their lands in central Florida.
These Seminoles were the exception: the Jacksonians had forced the removal of most eastern Indian peoples.
Classical Liberalism & Laissez-Faire (10b)
Concept
The political ideology of individual liberty, private property, a competitive market economy, free trade, and limited government.
Less government does, the better
Celebration of the power of ordinary people to make decisions politically and economically.
Anti-economic policies such as tariffs and incentives for industrial development.
Attacking corruption and defending private property,
Late-nineteenth-century liberals generally called for elite governance and questioned the advisability of full democratic participation.
Laissez-Faire: French for “leave alone”
Whigs (10c)
Political Party | 1830s
The second national party, the Whig Party arose in 1834 when a group of congressmen contested Andrew Jackson’s policies and conduct.
Supported pre-Revolutionary American and British parties that had opposed the arbitrary actions of British monarchs.
Panic of 1837
Event | 1837
Second major economic crisis of the United States, which led to hard times from 1837 to 1843.
Began when the Bank of England tried to boost the faltering British economy by sharply curtailing the flow of money and credit to the United States.
Suddenly deprived of British funds, American planters, merchants, and canal corporations had to withdraw gold from domestic banks to pay their foreign debts.
British textile mills drastically reduced their purchases of raw cotton.
Note 
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