Test Prep: Minerals, Vitamins, and Metabolism

Vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes about minerals, vitamins, and metabolism.

Calcium

A macromineral with the symbol Ca.

Phosphorus

A macromineral with the symbol P.

Sodium

A macromineral with the symbol Na.

Chlorine

A macromineral with the symbol Cl.

Potassium

A macromineral with the symbol K.

Magnesium

A macromineral with the symbol Mg.

Sulfur

A macromineral with the symbol S.

Cobalt

A micromineral with the symbol Co.

Iodine

A micromineral with the symbol I.

Zinc

A micromineral with the symbol Zn.

Iron

A micromineral with the symbol Fe.

Copper

A micromineral with the symbol Cu.

Manganese

A micromineral with the symbol MN.

Selenium

A micromineral with the symbol Se.

Chromium

A micromineral with the symbol Cr.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormone secreted when blood calcium concentration is low, stimulating kidneys to reabsorb calcium and produce Vitamin D.

Calcitonin

Released from the thyroid gland, involved in bone metabolism.

Calcium: Phosphorus Ratio

The ratio of calcium to phosphorus required for bone health.

Selenium

A micromineral that acts as an antioxidant

Vitamin A

Vitamin associated with intramuscular fat (marbling).

Vitamin D

Vitamin associated with tenderness.

Vitamin E

Vitamin associated with color stability of red meat.

Scurvy

A disease caused by Vitamin C deficiency

Amino Acid Requirement

What non-ruminants require, ruminants need nitrogen to synthesize.

Average Daily Gain (ADG)

Rate of gain that amino acid requirements are based on.

Nitrogen Balance

Measurement used to assess protein intake.

Trypsin Inhibitors

Substances present in soybeans that require heat inactivation.

Nucleotide Pairs

Adenine and Thymine.

Nucleotide Pairs

Guanine and Cytosine.

Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Contains the mRNA anticodon and is attached to an individual amino acid that the DNA coded for.

Microbial Cell Protein

The end product of true protein (soybean) digestion.

Microbial Cell Protein

The end product of NPN (urea) digestion.

25 ATP

The amount of ATP produced from the Krebs Cycle.

Transcription

Interpretation of hereditary information from DNA to produce a strand of RNA

mRNA

Determines Protein Sequence, Complimentary Strand of DNA.

tRNA

Contains anti-codon to the corresponding mRNA and carries a single amino acid

rRNA

The structural component of the ribosome

Translation

The process by which mRNA is “read” to ultimately produce a protein

Deamination

Removal of the amine group from an amino acid for excretion

Transamination

The transfer of the amine group from one amino acid to make a non-essential amino acid

Urea Cycle

Process by which amino acids are broken down, and excreted

Glycogenesis

Synthesis of Glycogen

Glycogenolysis

Break-down of glycogen into glucose

Glycolysis

Break-down of one glucose molecule into two pyruvate

Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s or TCA Cycle)

An aerobic pathway in the mitochondria that uses Acetyl CoA to produce the equivalents of 25 ATP per mole of glucose

Gluconeogenesis

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

ATP

“Molecular unit of currency” of intracellular energy transfer

GTP

Source of energy or an activator of substrates in metabolic reactions, like ATP

NADH

A reducing agent… it donates electrons

FADH2

Is an electron