Anatomy and Physiology Review

These flashcards cover anatomical terminology, tissue types, structures, and functions related to anatomy and physiology.

What is the anatomical term for 'toward the front' of the body?

Anterior

What does 'contralateral' refer to?

Structures on opposite sides of the body.

What plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

Coronal plane.

What does 'deep' mean in anatomical terms?

Closer to the core of the body.

What does 'distal' refer to?

Farther from the point of attachment or origin.

What is the meaning of 'inferior' in anatomical terms?

Toward the bottom or lower part of the body.

What does 'ipsilateral' mean?

Structures on the same side of the body.

What does 'lateral' refer to?

Away from the midline of the body.

What does 'medial' mean?

Closer to the midline of the body.

What is the mid-sagittal plane?

The plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves.

What is a para-sagittal plane?

Any plane parallel to the mid-sagittal plane.

What is the anatomical term for 'toward the back' of the body?

Posterior.

What does 'proximal' refer to?

Closer to the point of attachment or origin.

What does 'superior' mean in anatomical terms?

Toward the top or upper part of the body.

What does 'superficial' mean?

Closer to the surface of the body.

What plane divides the body into upper and lower parts?

Transverse plane.

What is adipose tissue primarily used for?

Storing energy, providing padding and insulation.

Where is areolar connective tissue typically found?

Deep to basement membranes, providing blood supply to epithelial tissues.

Where is cardiac muscle found, and what are its characteristics?

Exclusively in the heart, striated and involuntary.

What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

Provides strength in multiple directions due to its collagen fibers.

What is the primary characteristic of dense regular connective tissue?

Strong in one direction due to parallel collagen fibers.

Where can elastic cartilage be found?

In the epiglottis and the external ear (pinna).

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

Shock absorption, found in pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs.

What is hyaline cartilage used for?

As articulating surfaces of bones and in structural areas like the larynx.

What are the characteristics of nervous tissue?

Carries rapid communication via electric and chemical signaling.

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium and its function?

Single layer that appears multi-layered; often ciliated, found in respiratory systems.

What is the primary function of reticular connective tissue?

Supports blood cells in lymphoid organs.

Where is simple columnar epithelium commonly found?

In the digestive tract and some glands.

What are the characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelium?

Single layer of cube-shaped cells, involved in absorption and secretion.

What is the primary role of simple squamous epithelium?

Facilitating rapid diffusion due to its thinness.

What is skeletal muscle specialized for?

Voluntary contractions and movement of the skeleton.

Where is smooth muscle found and what are its characteristics?

Involuntary, non-striated muscle in various organ systems.

What characterizes stratified squamous epithelium?

Multiple layers of cells, providing abrasion resistance.

What is transitional epithelium and where is it found?

Several layers of cuboidal cells found in the urinary system.

What happens in a hypotonic solution?

The bag will gain weight due to a lower concentration of solutes compared to inside.

What occurs in a hypertonic solution?

The bag will lose weight due to a higher concentration of solutes.

Which bones include the facial bones?

Maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine, vomer, inferior nasal conchae.

Which bones contain sinuses?

Frontal, sphenoid, maxilla, ethmoid.

What is the cribiform plate, and which bone is it part of?

Contains foramina for olfactory nerve, part of the ethmoid bone.

What does the sella turcica hold?

The pituitary gland within the sphenoid bone.

What does the temporal bone house?

Structures of the inner and middle ear.

What is the significance of the foramen magnum?

It is where the spinal cord connects to the brain in the occipital bone.

What are the main components of the skull?

Facial bones and the cranium.

What regions classify the vertebral column?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx.

How do true ribs differ from false ribs?

True ribs attach directly to the sternum, while false ribs do not.

Which ribs are considered floating ribs?

Ribs 11-12, as they do not attach to anything.

What is the purpose of the sternum?

Connects to the ribs and protects the heart and lungs.

What bones compose the shoulder girdle?

Clavicles and scapulae.

What bones are included in the arms?

Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, and phalanges.

What bones make up the pelvic girdle?

Ilium, ischium, and pubis.

What bones comprise the legs?

Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

What is the function of the hyoid bone?

Supports the tongue and is not articulated with another bone.

What does the frontal bone form?

The head and upper part of the eye sockets.

What do the parietal bones form?

The roof and sides of the cranial cavity.

Where are the temporal bones located?

At the sides and base of the skull, near the ears.

What does the occipital bone form?

The back and base of the skull.

What is the location of the sphenoid bone?

Middle of the skull, forming part of the cranium's base.

What characterizes the ethmoid bone?

A spongy bone at the roof of the nose and eye sockets.

What forms the bridge of the nose?

Nasal bones.

What is the role of the maxilla?

Forms the upper jaw and hard palate.

What do the zygomatic bones form?

Cheekbones.

What do palatine bones contribute to?

Part of the hard palate and floor of the nose.

What is the function of lacrimal bones?

Help form the tear ducts.

What is the function of inferior nasal conchae?

Help filter the air breathed.

What is the function of the vomer bone?

Forms the lower part of the nasal septum.

What does the mandible hold?

The lower teeth and forms the chin.