Ab Psych Exam 4: Chapters 11, 10, 15

brief psychotic disorder

brief psychotic disorder

a psychotic disorder lasting from a day to a month that may follow exposure to a major stressor.

catatonia

gross disturbances in motor activity and cognitive functioning, as in a catatonic state or stupor.

delusional disorder

a type of psychosis characterized by persistent delusions, often of a paranoid nature, that do not have the bizarre quality of the type found in paranoid schizophrenia.

delusions

firmly held, but inaccurate beliefs that persist despite evidence that they have no basis in reality.

dopamine hypothesis

the prediction that schizophrenia involves overactivity of dopamine transmission in the brain.

endophenotypes

measurable processes or mechanisms not apparent to the naked eye that explain how an organism’s genetic code influences its observable characteristics or phenotypes.

erotomania

a delusional disorder characterized by the belief that one is loved by someone of high social status.

hallucinations

perceptions occurring in the absence of external stimuli that become confused with reality.

negative symptoms

behavioral deficiencies associated with schizophrenia, such as social skills deficits, social withdrawal, flattened affect, poverty of speech and thought, psychomotor retardation, and failure to experience pleasure.

positive symptoms

flagrant symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and thought disorder.

prodromal phase

in schizophrenia, the period of decline in functioning that precedes the first acute psychotic episode.

residual phase

in schizophrenia, the phase that follows an acute phase, characterized by a return to the level of functioning of the prodromal phase.

schizoaffective disorder

a type of psychotic disorder in which individuals experience both severe mood disturbance features associated with schizophrenia, a hybrid classification with features of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

schizophrenia

a chronic psychotic disorder characterized by severely disturbed behavior, thinking, emotions, and perceptions.

schizophreniform disorder

a psychotic disorder lasting less than 6 months in duration, with features that resemble schizophrenia.

tardive dyskinesia

a disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face, mouth, neck, trunk, or extremities caused by long-term use of antipsychotic medication.

thought disorder

a disturbance in thinking characterized by the breakdown of logical associations between thoughts.

delayed ejaculation

persistent or recurrent delay in achieving orgasm or inability to achieve orgasm despite a normal level of sexual interest and arousal. Formerly called male orgasmic disorder.

erectile disorder

a sexual dysfunction in males characterized by difficulty achieving or maintaining erection during sexual activity.

exhibitionism

a type of paraphilia almost exclusively occurring in males, in which the man experiences persistent and recurrent sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving the exposure of his genitals to unsuspecting strangers.

female orgasmic disorder

a type of sexual dysfunction involving persistent difficulty achieving orgasm despite adequate stimulation.

female sexual interest/arousal disorder

a type of sexual dysfunction in women involving difficulty becoming sexually aroused or lack of sexual excitement or pleasure during sexual activity.

fetishism

a type of paraphilia in which a person uses an inanimate object as a focus of sexual interest and as a source of arousal.

frotteurism

a type of paraphilia involving sexual urges or sexually arousing fantasies about bumping and rubbing against nonconsenting persons for sexual gratification.

gender dysphoria

a psychological disorder characterized by strong and persistent discomfort or distress about one’s biologic or anatomic sex.

gender identity

one’s psychological sense of being female or being male.

genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

persistent or recurrent pain experienced during vaginal intercourse or penetration attempts.

hypoxyphilia

a paraphilia in which a person seeks sexual gratification by being deprived of oxygen by means of a noose, plastic bag, chemical, or pressure on the chest.

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

a type of sexual dysfunction in men involving persistent or recurrent lack of sexual interest or sexual fantasies.

paraphilias

atypical patterns of sexual attraction in which one experiences recurrent sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving nonhuman objects (such as articles of clothing), inappropriate, or nonconsenting partners (e.g., children), or situations producing humiliation or pain to oneself or one’s partner.

pedophilia

a type of paraphilia involving sexual attraction to children.

premature ejaculation

a type of sexual dysfunction involving a pattern of unwanted rapid ejaculation during sexual activity.

rape

forced penetration of the vagina or anus by any body part or object, or of the mouth by a sexual organ (prior to 2012, the definition of rape used by law enforcement officials was limited to forced sexual intercourse).

sadomasochism

sexual activities between partners involving the attainment of gratification by means of inflicting and receiving pain and humiliation.

sexual dysfunction

persistent or recurrent problems with sexual interest, arousal, or response.

sexual masochism

a type of paraphilia characterized by sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies about receiving humiliation or pain.

sexual sadism

a type of paraphilia or sexual deviation characterized by recurrent sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies about inflicting humiliation or physical pain on sex partners.

transgender identity

a type of gender identity in which one’s psychological experience of oneself as male or female is opposite to one’s physical or genetic sex.

transvestism

a type of paraphilia characterized by sexual urges and fantasies involving cross-dressing. Also called transvestic fetishism.

vaginismus

the involuntary spasm of the muscles surrounding the vagina when vaginal penetration is attempted, making sexual intercourse difficult or impossible.

voyeurism

a type of paraphilia involving sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies focused on acts of watching unsuspecting others who are naked, in the act of undressing, or engaging in sexual activity.

civil commitment

the legal process of placing a person in a mental institution, even against his or her will.

competency to stand trial

the ability of criminal defendants to understand the charges and proceedings brought against them and to participate in their own defense.

criminal commitment

the legal process of confining a person found not guilty by reason of insanity in a mental institution.

duty to warn

the therapist’s obligation to warn third parties of threats made against them by clients.

insanity defense

a legal defense in which a defendant in a criminal case pleads not guilty on the basis of insanity.

Emil Kraepelin: Dementia Praecox

“Loss of inner unity of thought, feeling, and acting”

Believed it arose out of a body-level problem

Eugen Bleuler

Coined word ‘schizophrenia’, meaning ‘split brain’. Split is between aspects of personality, not a split into different personalities, symptomatology of four A’s, disconnected associations, flat or inappropriate affect, ambivalence toward others, autism living in a private fantasy world

Neologisms

made-up words

Perseveration

repetition of words or syllables

Clanging

connection of words that rhyme - may lead to word salad

Blocking

abruptly stopping speech

Hypervigilance

too much attention to unimportant stimuli, have high event related potentials

eye movement dysfunction

problems with jerky eye motion when tracking

Command hallucinations

voices that command to act, 80% obey these, and most such hallucinations involve committing harm, Broca’s area in the brain shows elevated activity when hearing voices

Milieu therapy

humanists emphasize creation of an adaptive social milieu in which schizophrenics can develop sense of self-respect and individual responsibility.

Family therapy

may also be used to address family communication problems.

Cognitive-behavioral training

can help with some delusions.

Neuroleptics/phenothiazines

antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia such as thorazine, mellaril, stelazine, and prolixin. They workby blocking dopamine receptors. Used to primarily address postive symptoms.

Dopamine

Overactive in schizophrenia, affects movement, emotional response, and plesure responses.

Norepinephrine

tied to emotional response, subdues logical thought.

GABA

low levels lower inhibition of inappropriate behavior.

diathesis-stress model

biological vulnerability triggered by environmental stressors.

legal commitment

taken into psychiatric care as a consequence of criminal acts

Rouse v. Cameron

treat or release, established right to treatment under DC statutory law

Wyatt v. Stickney

Established right to treatment as a Constitutional right, humane psychological and physical environments, qualified staff in numbers sufficient to administer adequate treatment, individualized treatment plans, and services in the least restrictive environment

Rogers v. Okin

Established right to refuse treatment against one’s will, involuntary treatment “is not necessary to protect the general public, since the patient has already been quarantined by commitment.”, can be overridden in case of emergency, applies when person is presumed competent to make decision, so does not apply to those found incompetent, or to minor

Sell vs. United States

Established that a suspect could be medicated in order to be competent to stand trial only under certain circumstances, medically appropriate, substantially unlikely to have side effects, necessary to stand trial, important to “significantly” further “important government interests” in a narrow band of areas.

Lessard v. Schmidt

First case to establish that there were limits on the ability of states to involuntarily commit people, [Name] was committed after a suicide attempt, district court established standard of “dangerousness… based upon finding of recent overt act,” court also established right to due process parallel to that for criminal suspects.

O’Connor v. Donaldson

[Name]’s father had him committed on the basis that he was paranoid “delusional,” refused all treatment, petitioned courts for release after 15 years, a state cannot constitutionally confine without more a nondangerous individual who is capable of surviving safely in freedom by himself or with the help of willing and responsible family members or friends.

Daniel M’Naghten

Claimed voice of God told him to kill the Prime Minister, court acquitted, saying a person could not be held responsible if he did not know that what he was doing was right or wrong

Durham v. United States

“Not guilty by reason of insanity,” The standard was replaced with more modern “mental disease or defect” standard, this was just as cumbersome and vague

Jones v. United States

Duration of commitment, “the Constitution permits the Government, on the basis of the insanity judgement, to confine him to a mental institution until such time as he has regained his sanity or is no longer a danger to himself or society”

Classified as a disorder in the DSM until 1973

Homosexuality

Gender dysphoria - psychodynamic theory

attributes this to parent-child relationship issues

Gender dysphoria - learning theory

attribute it to socialization patterns and reinforcement

Orgasmic reconditioning

a treatment in which the fetishist can become aroused by the object, but must have orgasm only when exposed to a ‘normal’ stimulus

partialism

involves sexual arousal by certain body parts, such as feet

situational molesters

generally behave normally, but can act on powerful pedophilia urges during certain situations (times of high stress)

preference molesters

pedophilia is deeply ingrained in their personality

Paraphilias - learning theory

attribute them to early learning and association, incorporated into subsequent fantasies

Paraphilias - multifactorial approach

suggests abuse in childhood affects normal sexual development

Covert sensitization

pairs fetishistic object with aversive stimuli (discovery by police)

Treating pedophilia - biologically based treatments

administration of hormones (progesterone) to lower sex drive or antiandrogen drugs to lower testosterone levels, more radical treatments include castration and removal of a part of hypothalamus, used to treat hyperactive sexual drive

Kurt Schneider

Thought Bleuler’s grouping was too vague, tried to refine diagnostic criteria, first-rank symptoms: central to diagnosis (hallucinations and delusions), second-rank symptoms: found in schizophrenia, also in other disorders, disturbances in mood

Kanas vs. Hendricks

“congenital or acquired condition affecting the emotional or volitional capacity which predisposed the person to commit sexually violent offenses to the degree that such person is a menace to the health and safety of others.”, ruled the act is not punitive if it fails to offer treatment for an untreatable condition