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explain the role of Sputnik in the exploration of space
The first man-made object in space
recognize the names of the Presidents who were instrumental in the space race
JFK, Ronald Regan, and Lyndon B. Johnson
Mercury
used to perfect communications and study how space affected astronauts, one manned.
Gemini
was developed to achieve rendezvous, docking, EVA(spacewalk), and held two people.
Apollo
manned by 3 people and is what got us to the moon
Who was the 1st astronaut in space?
Yuri Gagarin
Who was the first US astronaut in space
Alan Shepard
Who was the first man on the moon?
Neil Armstrong
Apollo 1
A fire was set in the cockpit because of frayed wires, a pure O2 environment, and a manual hatch
Apollo 8
1st Apollo mission around the moon
Apollo 11
Landed on the moon
Apollo 13
Safely landed back on Earth after an oxygen tank exploded in orbit
Challenger
frozen o-rings
Columbia
Heating tiles fell off
explain why a manned mission to Mars will be difficult
Long-term exposure to radiation in space, little gravity causes our muscles to atrophy, lack of medical facilities and medical professionals, people living together for long periods, and it takes a lot of time
Frame of reference
what we use to compare motion
Inertia
resistance to change
Velocity
a speed with a direction. It is a rate
solve velocity problems using v = d/t.
state the unit for velocity
km/hr(distance/time)
define acceleration
the rate of change in velocity(speed)
state the unit for acceleration
Distance/time/time
solve acceleration problems using a = vf – vi / t
solve free fall problems
recognize the acceleration due to gravity (g).
use g = 9.8m/s2 any time something is vertical
define terminal velocity
the fastest speed at which something can fall
Contact force
force caused by contact
Field force
a force exerted over an area around the source
state Newton’s 3 laws of motion in your own words
The force exerted on an object by an object is exerted equally in the opposite direction(you push thing, thing push back)
recognize examples of Newton’s 3 laws of motion
Gun recoil, your chair holding you up, pushing off a wall in a pool
Friction
A force acting against change
Sliding friction
friction caused by two objects sliding
Rolling friction
friction at the point of contact of a wheel
solve 2nd law problems using a = F/m
describe how Newton’s 3rd law applies to jets, rockets, etc.
as the rocket pushes the gases out, the gas pushes back up against the rocket
define momentum
a measure of how difficult it would be to stop a moving object
the relationship between force and time in a momentum change
The longer it takes to stop, the less force you expirience
solve momentum problems using p = mv
I gave up. You got it!!!
define friction
a force that resists motion
describe how friction influences the motion of an object
friction slows down an object
give the Hawks' definition of energy and explain why it is better
The ability to cause change. It’s better because it doesn’t lead to a circular definition and it’s better to visualize.
define potential energy
energy that’s stored due to position or composition ex. gravitational potential and elastic potential
solve potential energy problems using PE = mgh
state the first law of thermodynamics
matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed
define kinetic energy
the energy of motion
solve kinetic energy problems using KE = ½ mv2
identify types of energy in different examples
1= gravitational potential, 2= elastic potential, 3= chemical potential 4= kinetic, 5= thermal, 6= nuclear potential 7= electromagnetic
define work
the movement of a mass due to a transfer of energy resulting from an applied force
calculate work using W = Fd
define power
it is the rate of work done over time
calculate power using P = W / t
define medium
the matter that is disturbed by a wave
define wave
a repeating disturbance that travels through either matter or space, accompanied by a transfer of energy.
define pulse
a disturbance that happens only one time
explain the difference between mechanical and electromagnetic waves
mechanical waves require a medium to travel while electromagnetic don’t
label the parts of a transverse wave
1= crest 2= wavelength 3= amplitude 4= trough
label the parts of a longitudinal wave
1= compression 2= rarefaction 3= wavelength
define frequency
the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time or in a given sample.
define wavelength
The distance from one point on a wave to the identical point on the next wave
explain the difference between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave
the energy of transverse waves travel perpendicular to the energy, but longitudinal waves travel parallel to the energy
define and recognize examples of reflection
waves bouncing off a boundary ex. mirrors
define and recognize examples of refraction
waves bending when changing medium ex. A straw in a glass of water
define and recognize examples of diffraction
waves bending around a barrier ex. the fuzzy edges of shadows
define and recognize examples of interference
waves interacting with each other
explain the difference between constructive and destructive interference
constructive interferencemakes the wave bigger, while destructive interference makes it smaller
explain how the human ear hears sound
the eardrum matches the sound waves and vibrates the ossicles(tiny bones in your ear) which vibrate your hair cells in the cochlea then, the auditory nerve turns the vibrations into electricity(we don’t know how)
make analogies between waves and the sound you hear
Loudness is related to amplitude. Pitch is related to frequency / wavelength. Timbre is related to shape.
17. recognize visual representations of sound and describe them as loud, quiet, high pitched, low pitched, etc
Loudness and quietness relate to the height(amplitude) of the waves and pitch relates to frequency
list and recognize the four ways that instruments make sound
Vibration of a membrane, air column, reed, or string
18b. Name an example of a membrane, air column, reed, and string
membrane: drum. air column: flute. Reed: oboe. String: violin
discuss the Doppler effect
As an object speeds up, it begins to catch up with its sound waves. This creates a higher frequency. As the object moves away from you, the waves come further apart making it sound lower-pitched
explain how the Doppler effect is used in weather and police radar guns
it aims sound waves at objects and calculates the distance based on the frequency of the sound waves returning
define mach
the unit of the speed of sound
describe how a sonic boom is produced
As something hits the speed of sound, the sound waves it’s making line up with the sound waves previously ahead and create a sonic boom
describe the range of the sonic spectrum (deepest, highest, faintest sounds)
Frequency: 20Hz-20000Hz Volume: 0dB-120dB+(threshold of pain)
discuss the different theories on what light is
Particle: Democritus and Newton
Wave: Aristotle, Faraday, Maxwell, and Thomas Young
Both: Max Planck, Albert Einstein, DeBroglie and Heisenberg
list the electromagnetic spectrum in order from lowest to highest frequency
Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma ray
GPS, radar, and TV satellites are all examples of what?
Radio waves
Microwaves are an example of what type of wave?
Microwaves
What type of wave is used to detect heat?
Infrared
Radiographs, fluoroscopy, and CT scans are examples of what wave?
X-rays
PET scans, bone scans, and radiation therapy are examples of what wave?
gamma rays
list the colors of visible light from lowest to highest frequency.
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet
explain how the human eye sees light
the light passes through the cornea which bends the light toward the iris which determines how much light is let into the eye. The lens puts the light in the right spot, and the rods and cones determine what you see
state what the rod cells in the eye detect
light intensity
state what the cone cells in the eye detect
color
list the primary colors of light
red, green, blue
list the primary colors of pigment
cyan, magenta, and yellow
predict the results when light colors
Red+green=yellow, Blue+green= cyan, blue+ red= magenta, and red+blue+green= white
10b. predict the results when pigment colors are mixed
Magenta+cyan=blue, magenta+yellow= red, yellow+cyan=green, blue+magenta+yellow= black
explain why the sky is blue, why sunsets are red, how rainbows are formed, etc
Blue and purple are the colors that get bent the most when entering the atmosphere, so at midday, the sky appears blue. It’s the same for sunsets except reds and oranges get bent the least, so you see reds.
list the two types of electrical charge.
positive and negative
define static electricity
Electricity built up on an insulator
define conductor.
a material that encourages the flow of electricity
define insulator.
a material that does not encourage the flow of electricity
list and describe the three ways of charging an object.
Friction, induction, and conduction
state the law of electrostatics.
Opposite charges attract. Like charges repel.
describe how electrical impulses travel in your nerves.
Energy goes from one nerve to another through the synapse. It gets across using neurotransmitters
define synapse
the gap between neurons in your brain
explain the role of neurotransmitters.
responsible for carrying different types of charge and regulating mood, attention, motivation, etc