Organic synthesis

Alkanes to halogenoalkanes

Reagent - halogen

Conditions- UV light

Mechanism - free radical substitution

Halogenoalkanes to primary amines

Reagent - NH3 in ethanol

Conditions- heat, under pressure

Mechanism - nucleophilic substitution

Primary amines to alkyl ammonia salts

Reagent - dilute HCl

Conditions- room temp

Reaction- acid-base

Tertiary amines to quaternary ammonium salts

Reagent - halogenoalkane

Conditions-heat

Mechanism - nucleophilic

Type - substitution

Secondary amines to tertiary amines

Reagent - halogenoalkane

Conditions-heat

Mechanism - nucleophilic

Type - substitution

Primary amines to secondary amines

Reagent - halogenoalkane

Conditions-heat

Mechanism - nucleophilic

Type - substitution

Halogenoalkanes to alkenes

Reagent - NaOH in ethanol

Conditions- heat

Mechanism - elimination

Alkenes to haloalkanes

Reagent - hydrogen halide, HX

Conditions- room temp

Mechanism - electrophilic addition

Halogenoalkanes to alcohols

Reagent - NaOH (aq)

Conditions- heat

Mechanism - nucleophilic substitution

Halogenoalkanes to nitriles

Reagent - KCN in ethanol

Conditions- heat under reflux

Mechanism - nucleophilic substitution

Nitriles to primary amines

Reagent - H2 and nickel catalyst

Conditions - heat

Reaction - reduction

Alkenes to dihaloalkanes

Reagent - halogen X2

Conditions- room temp

Mechanism - Electrophilic addition

Alkenes to alcohols

Reagent - steam and H3PO4 (acid catalyst)

Conditions- heat

Mechanism - hydration (electrophilic addition)

Alcohol to alkenes

Reagent - Al2O3

Conditions- heat

Mechanism - Elimination (Dehydration)

Dihaloalkanes to diols

Reagent - NaOH (aq)

Conditions- heat under reflux

Mechanism - Nucleophilic substitution

secondary alcohols to ketones

Reagent - K2Cr2O7 (acidified)

Conditions- heat

Reaction - oxidation

Ketones to alcohols

Reagent - NaBH4 (aq)

Conditions- heat

Reaction - reduction

Alcohols to aldehydes

Reagent - K2Cr2O7 (acidified)

Conditions- heat

Reaction - oxidation

Aldehydes to alcohols

Reagent - NaBH4 (aq)

Conditions- heat

Reaction - reduction

Aldehydes to carboxylic acids

Reagent - K2Cr2O7 (acidified)

Conditions- heat under reflux

Reaction - oxidation

Carboxylic acids to aldehydes

Reagent - LiAlH4 in dry ether

Conditions- heat

Reaction - reduction

Carboxylic acids to esters

Reagent - alcohol, H2SO4

Conditions- heat

Reaction - esterification/ condensation

Acyl chlorides to esters

Reagent - alcohol

Conditions- room temp

Mechanism - nucleophilic addition- elimination

Carboxylic acids to carboxylate salts

Reagent - NaOH (aq)

Conditions- room temp

Reaction - acid- base

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acids

Reagent - H2O

Conditions- room temp

Mechanism - nucleophilic addition- elimination

Acyl chlorides to amides

Reagent - amines

Conditions- room temp

Mechanism - nucleophilic addition -elimination

Alkenes to alkyl hydrogensulfates

Reagent - sulphuric acid

Conditions - heat

Mechanism - electrophilic addition

Carbonyls to hydroxynitriles

Reagents - KCN and dilute HCl

Conditions - room temperature

Mechanism - nucleophilic addition

Benzene to nitrobenzene

Reagent - nitric and sulfuric acid

Conditions - 25 to 60°C

Mechanism - electrophilic substitution

Benzene to phenyl ketone

Reagents - acyl chlorine

Conditions - AlCl3 catalyst and heat

Mechanism - electrophilic substitution

Nitrobenzene into phenylamine

Reagents - Sn/ concentrated HCl

Conditions- heat

Reaction - reduction

(Then add NaOH to convert soluble ionic salt produced into insoluble phenylamine)