Functions and Structure of the Digestive System

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on the digestive system, focusing on the functions and structure of the small and large intestines, liver, and associated conditions.

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

Almost all digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine.

Which region of the small intestine is the shortest?

The duodenum.

What does the term 'jejunum' mean?

Empty, as it is often devoid of contents in cadavers.

What is the primary function of the ileum?

Mostly absorption, and it is the longest part of the small intestine.

How much total surface area does the small intestine have, and what is it comparable to?

About 200 square meters, comparable to the floor area of a typical Southern California home.

What are villi?

Finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.

What are the intestinal crypts responsible for?

Producing digestive enzymes and hormones; they contain rapidly dividing stem cells.

What is the lifespan of cells in the small intestine?

12 to 24 hours.

What structure in the villus absorbs fat?

Lacteals.

What role do intestinal bacteria play in the large intestine?

They produce essential vitamins and digest materials we cannot digest.

What condition can result from a diet low in fiber?

Constipation.

What is appendicitis and how is it treated?

Inflammation of the appendix, typically treated by removing the appendix.

What is diverticulitis?

A condition involving painful pouches on the large intestine.

What is the role of the liver?

It has over 500 functions, including the production of blood proteins and bile.

What does the liver produce that is crucial for fat digestion?

Bile.

What is cholestasis in relation to the liver?

A condition where bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum.

What is jaundice and what does it signify?

A yellowing of the skin indicating a possible liver problem.

What are Kupffer cells?

Macrophages in the liver that break down old red blood cells.

How does the liver process nutrients?

It receives blood from the GI tract to process carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins before they enter the rest of the body.

What is the significance of bile color?

It gives feces its brown color.

What happens when dietary fiber is not consumed?

It can lead to constipation or intestinal blockage.

Why is diarrhea dangerous?

It can lead to severe dehydration.

What are polyps in the context of colon health?

Non-cancerous growths in the colon that could become cancerous.

What does the anal sphincter control?

It controls defecation.

What risks are associated with defecation and health?

Increased abdominal pressure can affect blood pressure, and in certain conditions, can cause complications.