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What is artificial selection?
When man gets involved and combine species to make a new one
What is natural selection?
populations of organisms adapt to a change in their environment
What is the theory of catastrophism?
past catastrophes have shaped earth
Who proposed descent with modification?
Charles Darwin
What is descent with modification?
there is a common ancestor from which each new generation there is a change - creating a new species
What is an ecosystem?
community + physical environmnent
What are omnivores?
They eat plants and animals
What did Lamark propose?
We inherit acquired characteristics
What is an example of Lamark’s proposal?
Overtime, giraffes stretched their necks to eat leaves higher up, offspring were born with longer and longer necks
What is a biological species concept?
organism of the same species can sexually reproduce and create offspring, meanwhile organisms of different species cannot interbreed and create offspring (mule)
What does prezygotic mean?
prevent mating attempt or make it unlikely that fertilization will happen
What does postzgotic mean?
when something comes together but nothing hapnnes because the zygote does not fertilize
What is behavioral isolation?
auditory, visual, and chemical stimuli to attract a mate
What is habitual (habitat) isolation?
species can occupy or prefer different habitats, making them unlikely to mate.
What is an example of habitual isolation?
Ligers! A lion and a tiger are able to mate BUT, they live in 2 completely different habitats
What is temporal isolation?
2 species may breed at different times, their mating seasons may be different
What is zygote mortality?
zygote can’t form properly and dies
What is gamete isolation?
gametes meet that don’t fuse to become zygote
What is mechanical isolation?
incompatible genetalia
What is a chromatin?
a thread of DNA
What is a zygote?
a fertilized egg
What is a sister chromosome?
red herring!
What is a nucleoli?
found inside the nucleus, assembles the ribosomes in the middle
What is a sister chromatid?
each half of a chromosome
what is a community?
interacting populations, different species that love together in an environment
What is a fundamental niche?
full range of conditions and resources in which a species could survive and reproduce (more inclusive)
What is a realized niche?
describes actual conditions and resources in which a species exist due to biotic interactions (more specific, fit in certain areas)
Who is Macarther and what did he do?
he had the same views as Darwin, mutation drive natural selection, natural selection drives evolution
what is the predator cycle
feeding relationship between 2 species. Fox eat the bunnies, if no foxes, bunnies will overpopulate and throw off the environment and food chain.
__depend on the prey
predators
What is a homologous structure?
they have similar structures but function differently
What are analogous structures
They are structured differently but function the same
What is an example of a homologous structure?
A mouse arm and a human arm
What is an example of an analogous structure?
A bat wing and a butterfly wing
What is mutualism?
both species benefit
What is parasitism?
one species benefits while the other is harmed
what is commensalism?
one species benefits while the other is unaffected
What is competitive exclusion?
2 species cannot have exactly the same niche in a habitat and stably coexist
What is a tumor suppressor gene?
they are genes that suppress cancer genes but they can undergo mutation and not be able to suppress cancer anymore
What is an oncogene?
gene that causes cancer
What is a proto-oncogene?
They are not cancerous before, but can mutate and become cancerous
What is a heterochromatin?
tightly condensed, gene-poor, and does not transcribe well (chromosomes)
What is a euchromatin?
it is less condensed, gene-rich, transcribes easily, (threads of DNA and is more active)
What is allopatric?
2 species/population occuring in a separate non-overlapping environments
What is sympatric?
2 species/populations exist in the same geographic area
What were some of Darwin’s observations?
biodiversity - species very globally, species vary locally, species vary overtime
What is adaptive radiation?
moving out to different environments to reduce competition
What is an ecological niche?
role and position a species has in its environment, how it meets its needs for food and shelter,
what is convergent evolution?
2 things come together (organisms not closely related), independently evolve similar traits a sa result of having to adapt to similar environments and echological niches
what is co-evolution?
2 interacting species evolve together, each changing as a result to changes in the other
What is the evolutionary species concept
there is a common acestor
What is a barr body?
when 1 x-chromosome is inactive
What is a mutation?
an irreversible change in DNA
What is a point mutation?
single codon changes another one
what is the best example of a point mutation?
sickle cell
