BIOS FINAL EXAM

What is artificial selection?

When man gets involved and combine species to make a new one

What is natural selection?

populations of organisms adapt to a change in their environment

What is the theory of catastrophism?

past catastrophes have shaped earth

Who proposed descent with modification?

Charles Darwin

What is descent with modification?

there is a common ancestor from which each new generation there is a change - creating a new species

What is an ecosystem?

community + physical environmnent

What are omnivores?

They eat plants and animals

What did Lamark propose?

We inherit acquired characteristics

What is an example of Lamark’s proposal?

Overtime, giraffes stretched their necks to eat leaves higher up, offspring were born with longer and longer necks

What is a biological species concept?

organism of the same species can sexually reproduce and create offspring, meanwhile organisms of different species cannot interbreed and create offspring (mule)

What does prezygotic mean?

prevent mating attempt or make it unlikely that fertilization will happen

What does postzgotic mean?

when something comes together but nothing hapnnes because the zygote does not fertilize

What is behavioral isolation?

auditory, visual, and chemical stimuli to attract a mate

What is habitual (habitat) isolation?

species can occupy or prefer different habitats, making them unlikely to mate.

What is an example of habitual isolation?

Ligers! A lion and a tiger are able to mate BUT, they live in 2 completely different habitats

What is temporal isolation?

2 species may breed at different times, their mating seasons may be different

What is zygote mortality?

zygote can’t form properly and dies

What is gamete isolation?

gametes meet that don’t fuse to become zygote

What is mechanical isolation?

incompatible genetalia

What is a chromatin?

a thread of DNA

What is a zygote?

a fertilized egg

What is a sister chromosome?

red herring!

What is a nucleoli?

found inside the nucleus, assembles the ribosomes in the middle

What is a sister chromatid?

each half of a chromosome

what is a community?

interacting populations, different species that love together in an environment

What is a fundamental niche?

full range of conditions and resources in which a species could survive and reproduce (more inclusive)

What is a realized niche?

describes actual conditions and resources in which a species exist due to biotic interactions (more specific, fit in certain areas)

Who is Macarther and what did he do?

he had the same views as Darwin, mutation drive natural selection, natural selection drives evolution

what is the predator cycle

feeding relationship between 2 species. Fox eat the bunnies, if no foxes, bunnies will overpopulate and throw off the environment and food chain.

__depend on the prey

predators

What is a homologous structure?

they have similar structures but function differently

What are analogous structures

They are structured differently but function the same

What is an example of a homologous structure?

A mouse arm and a human arm

What is an example of an analogous structure?

A bat wing and a butterfly wing

What is mutualism?

both species benefit

What is parasitism?

one species benefits while the other is harmed

what is commensalism?

one species benefits while the other is unaffected

What is competitive exclusion?

2 species cannot have exactly the same niche in a habitat and stably coexist

What is a tumor suppressor gene?

they are genes that suppress cancer genes but they can undergo mutation and not be able to suppress cancer anymore

What is an oncogene?

gene that causes cancer

What is a proto-oncogene?

They are not cancerous before, but can mutate and become cancerous

What is a heterochromatin?

tightly condensed, gene-poor, and does not transcribe well (chromosomes)

What is a euchromatin?

it is less condensed, gene-rich, transcribes easily, (threads of DNA and is more active)

What is allopatric?

2 species/population occuring in a separate non-overlapping environments

What is sympatric?

2 species/populations exist in the same geographic area

What were some of Darwin’s observations?

biodiversity - species very globally, species vary locally, species vary overtime

What is adaptive radiation?

moving out to different environments to reduce competition

What is an ecological niche?

role and position a species has in its environment, how it meets its needs for food and shelter,

what is convergent evolution?

2 things come together (organisms not closely related), independently evolve similar traits a sa result of having to adapt to similar environments and echological niches

what is co-evolution?

2 interacting species evolve together, each changing as a result to changes in the other

What is the evolutionary species concept

there is a common acestor

What is a barr body?

when 1 x-chromosome is inactive

What is a mutation?

an irreversible change in DNA

What is a point mutation?

single codon changes another one

what is the best example of a point mutation?

sickle cell