BIO TERM TEST 2

Anemia

Anemia

A deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen transport in the body.

Hypoxemia

Below-normal level of oxygen in the blood, specifically in the arteries.

Hypoxia

Deficiency of oxygen in the tissues.

MCV

Measure of the average volume of a red blood cell.

MCHC

Measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in packed red blood cells.

Microcytic

Pertaining to smaller than normal red blood cells.

Normocytic

Pertaining to normal-sized red blood cells.

Macrocytic

Pertaining to larger than normal red blood cells.

Hypochromic

Pertaining to red blood cells with less color due to low hemoglobin.

Normochromic

Pertaining to red blood cells with a normal color.

Polycythemia

Increased number of red blood cells in the bloodstream.

Leukocytosis

Increase in the number of white blood cells in response to infection.

Leucopenia

Decrease in the number of white blood cells, increasing infection susceptibility.

Neutrophilia

Increase in the number of neutrophils in response to infection or inflammation.

Neutropenia

Decrease in the number of neutrophils, raising infection risk.

Agranulocytosis

Severe reduction in granulocytes, leading to increased infection vulnerability.

Lymphocytosis

Increase in the number of lymphocytes, often in infections and certain leukemias.

Lymphocytopenia

Decrease in the number of lymphocytes, impairing immune response.

Heterophile antibodies

Antibodies produced in response to infections like Epstein-Barr virus, cross-reacting with other antigens.

Leukemia

Cancer affecting blood and bone marrow, characterized by overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

Thrombocytopenia

Abnormally low number of platelets in the blood, leading to increased bleeding and bruising.

Ecchymoses

Larger, bluish-purple skin patches caused by bleeding underneath the skin, commonly known as bruises.

Purpura

Red or purple discolored spots on the skin that do not blanch when pressed, caused by bleeding underneath the skin.

Petechiae

Small, red or purple spots on the skin caused by minor bleeding from broken capillary blood vessels.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

A condition characterized by widespread activation of the clotting cascade leading to the formation of blood clots in the small blood vessels throughout the body, causing multiple organ damage and severe bleeding.

Dyspnea

Difficulty or laboured breathing.

Orthopnea

Difficulty breathing when lying flat.

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Sudden onset of difficulty breathing at night.

Hypercapnia

Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Hypercarbia

Another term for elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

V/Q ratio

Ventilation/perfusion ratio, a measure of gas exchange efficiency in the lungs.

Tetralogy of Fallot

A congenital heart defect characterised by four abnormalities in the heart's structure.

Flail chest

A condition where segments of the rib cage are detached from the rest of the chest wall.

Pneumothorax

Presence of air in the pleural space, causing lung collapse.

Tension pneumothorax

A type of pneumothorax where air enters the pleural space but cannot escape, leading to increasing pressure on the lungs and heart.

Pleural effusion

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity.

Empyema

Pus in the pleural cavity, often due to infection.

Atelectasis

Collapse or closure of a part of the lung.

Bronchiectasis

Abnormal dilation of the bronchi.

Pulmonary embolism

Blockage of the pulmonary artery or its branches by a clot.

Pulmonary hypertension

Elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries.

Cor pulmonale

Right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease.

Pulmonary edema

Accumulation of fluid in the lungs.

Obstructive lung diseases

Diseases characterized by airflow obstruction, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make breathing difficult.

Bronchial asthma

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways with reversible airflow obstruction

Chronic bronchitis

Inflamm of the bronchi persisting over a long time

Blebs

Small collections of air within lung tissue layers

Bull

Larger air-filled spaces within lung tissue

Atheros

Buildup of fatty deposits on arterial walls, leading to narrowed arteries

Coronary artery disease

Atherosclerosis affecting coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle

Ischemic heart disease

Reduced blood supply to the heart muscle due to coronary artery disease

Angina pectoris

Chest pain caused by inadequate oxygen supply to the heart muscle

Acute Coronary Syndrome

Conditions associated with sudden reduced blood flow to the heart

Silent myocardial infarction

Heart attack without typical symptoms like chest pain

Hypertension

Persistently elevated blood pressure in the arteries

Primary hypertension

High blood pressure with no identifiable cause

Secondary hypertension

High blood pressure caused by an underlying condition

Orthostatic hypotension

Low blood pressure when standing up, causing dizziness or fainting

Aneurism

Abnormal bulge in a blood vessel that can burst

Thrombus

Blood clot that forms in a blood vessel, potentially obstructing blood flow

Embolism

Blockage of a blood vessel by a clot that has traveled through the bloodstream

Varicose veins

Enlarged, twisted veins usually in the legs

Chronic venous insufficiency

Condition where veins cannot pump enough blood back to the heart

Stasis ulcer

A sore that develops on the skin due to poor blood flow

Deep venous thrombosis

The formation of a blood clot in a deep vein

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium

Cardiomyopathy

A disease of the heart muscle affecting its pumping ability

Valvular dysfunction

Abnormal functioning of heart valves disrupting blood flow

Heart murmur

An unusual sound heard between heartbeats

Dysrhythmia

An abnormal heart rhythm

Arrhythmia

Another term for an abnormal heart rhythm

Sinus rhythm

The normal, regular heart rhythm set by the sinoatrial node

Brachycardia

Abnormally slow heart rate

Tachycardia

Abnormally fast heart rate

Sinus arrhythmia

Natural variation in heart rate during breathing cycle

Atrial fibrillation

A common arrhythmia with irregular and rapid atrial beats

Heart block

Condition where heart's electrical signals are partially or completely blocked

Ventricular fibrillation

Severe arrhythmia causing quivering ventricles

Asystole

State of no electrical activity in the heart

Heart failure

Condition where heart can't pump sufficient blood

Preload

Degree of stretch of heart muscle fibers before contraction

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart

Principle that heart's stroke volume increases with increased blood volume

Afterload

Resistance heart must overcome to eject blood during systole

Contractility

Inherent strength of heart's contraction during systole

Inotropy

The force of heart muscle contraction

Systolic heart failure

Heart failure where the heart muscle cannot contract forcefully enough during systole

Diastolic heart failure

Heart failure where the heart muscle cannot relax properly during diastole, leading to inadequate filling of the heart

Left heart failure

Heart failure that primarily affects the left side of the heart, leading to pulmonary congestion and reduced cardiac output

Congestive heart failure

Condition where the heart's function as a pump is inadequate to meet the body's needs, causing fluid buildup in tissues

Right heart failure

Heart failure that primarily affects the right side of the heart, leading to systemic congestion and edema

Decompensated heart failure

Worsening heart failure symptoms despite treatment, indicating the heart is unable to maintain adequate circulation

Edema

Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body's tissues

Shock

Life-threatening condition where blood flow is insufficient to meet the body's needs, leading to cellular and tissue hypoxia

Cardiogenic shock

Shock resulting from the heart's inability to pump sufficient blood, usually due to severe heart damage

Hypovolemic shock

Shock caused by significant loss of blood or fluid, leading to inadequate blood volume

Obstructive shock

Shock due to a physical obstruction in the circulatory system, such as a pulmonary embolism

Distributive shock

Shock due to widespread vasodilation, leading to a relative reduction in blood volume

Neurogenic shock

Type of distributive shock caused by the loss of sympathetic nervous system control over blood vessel tone

Anaphylactic shock

Severe allergic reaction causing widespread vasodilation and increased vascular permeability