BRITISH IMPERIALISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: MALAYA, STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, NORTH BORNEO, AND SARAWAK

Malaya, Straits Settlements, Sarawak, North Borneo

Britain placed ___, ___, ___, and ___ under British colonial rule.

Malaya

Location of ___: Peninsula between the Gulf of Siam and the Strait of Malacca.

Goods, China, mineral

British Aims in Malaya: To use Malaya as a source of ___ for trade with ___ and to exploit its ___ wealth.

Selangor, Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Johor, Kedah

Malaya consisted of nine sultanates: ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu.

Advisers, resident-general

The British established political influence over Malay sultans through British ___ and later a ___.

Selangor, Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang

Federated Malay States (1895): A federation of four protected states: ___, ___, ___, and ___ (SPNsP).

Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, Terengganu

Unfederated Malay States: Five British protected states not forming a single political entity: ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ (JKKPT).

Religion, customs

The British did not interfere in ___, ___, or the symbolic authority of Malay sultans.

Kuala Lumpur

___ was made the colonial capital under British rule.

Tin, rubber

Economic Impact of British Rule: Control of Malaya’s key raw materials—___ and ___—was placed in British hands.

Malacca, Penang, Singapore

Straits Settlements: Consisted of three main ports:___, ___, and ___.

Straits Settlements

Location of ___: Situated along the Strait of Malacca.

English East India Company

1826 (Straits Settlements): Established under the ___.

British Raj

1858 (Straits Settlements): Came under the administration of the ___.

Crown Colony

1867 (Straits Settlements): Became a ___ under direct British rule.

Malacca

Location of ___: Located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula facing the Strait of Malacca.

Afonso de Albuquerque

1511 (Portuguese Conquest of Malacca): Conquered by ___ for Portugal.

Malacca Fort

Fort built at the mouth of the Malacca River.

Porta de Santiago / Fort A Famosa

One of four gateways to Malacca, also known as ___.

South China Sea, Indian Ocean, Catholicism

Portuguese made Malacca the center of trade between the ___ and the ___ and used it to spread ___.

St. Paul Church

Built by the Portuguese for religious purposes.

1641

Year: Malacca was taken over by the Dutch from the Portuguese.

Trading center, residence

1641–1798 (Dutch Rule): Malacca declined as a ___ and was mainly a ___ for a few Dutch traders.

Dutch Square

Malacca: Area where Dutch colonial buildings were built in bright red terracotta.

Christ Church

Dutch Square: Constructed in 1741, completed in 1753, served as the main Dutch Reformed Church.

Stadthuys

Dutch Square: Built in 1650 as the office of the Dutch Governor of Malacca.

Anglo-Dutch Treaty

1824 Treaty: Malacca was ceded to Britain in exchange for Bencoolen in Sumatra.

Bencoolen

1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty: Malacca was ceded to Britain in exchange for ___ in Sumatra.

English East India Company

1824–1942 (British Rule): Malacca was governed by the ___.

Crown Colony

In 1946, Malacca became a British ___ and part of the British Straits Settlements.

Penang

Location of ___: Situated on the northwest coast of the Malay Peninsula facing the Strait of Malacca.

Captain Francis Light

1771: Proposed to the East India Company the establishment of Penang as a convenient storage place for ammunition for Asian trade.

Kedah

Captain Francis Light (1786): Leased Penang from the Sultan of ___ for the East India Company and became its Superintendent.

Georgetown

Capital established by Captain Francis Light, named after King George III.

Spice

Georgetown (Significance): Became a free port attracting traders and served as a regional center for ___ production.

Singapore

An island located south of the Malay Peninsula at the endpoint of the Strait of Malacca.

Fishing

Singapore began as a small ___ village before British development.

Thomas Stamford Raffles

1819: Singapore was established by Sir ___.

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles

Background: Born in 1781, died in 1826, and worked for the English East India Company.

Southeast Asia

Raffles’ Plan: Aimed to make the British dominate trade in ___.

Batavia

The Dutch controlled trade in Southeast Asia and were firmly established in ___ (present-day Jakarta).

Jakarta

Batavia is present-day ___

Batavia

Raffles created as a port to compete with Dutch ___.

Drinking water

Advantages of Singapore: It has a protected harbor and abundant ___, making it ideal for a port.

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles

He modernized and developed Singapore after founding it in 1819.

Malays, India, China

Consisted of ___ (indigenous), and immigrants from ___ and ___.

Indian Ocean, Andaman Sea, Strait of Malacca

Impact of British Control in the Strait Settlements: Britain gained control of key trading routes in Southeast Asia, including the ___, ___, and ___.

Sulu

North Borneo was originally owned by the Sultan of ___.

William Cowie

1872: A British merchant who founded a settlement in British North Borneo.

Sandakan

Capital of British North Borneo located on the northeast coast.

William Cowie

___ leased North Borneo from the Sultan of Sulu on behalf of the British Government and placed it under British rule.

British North Borneo Company

1881: Administered North Borneo after it came under British control.

Sabah

North Borneo is known today as ___.

Sarawak

This is located on the island of Borneo.

1841

Sarawak came under British colonial rule in ___.

Sir James Brooke

He brought Sarawak under British influence by helping the Sultan of Brunei suppress a local revolt.

Sarawak River Basin

Sir James Brooke was appointed Rajah of the ___ by the Sultan of Brunei as a reward.

Century

Sarawak was ruled for over a ___ by successive generations of the Brooke family on behalf of Britain.

Family, corporation management

British Imperialism in North Borneo and Sarawak (Impact): Introduced a new form of colonial control using ___ and ___ instead of officials directly appointed by the British government.