Exam III Lab Packets

Which joints of the pelvis are synovial?

hip, anterior portion of sacroiliac joint

Which joints of the pelvis are symphyseal?

pubic symphysis

Which joints of the pelvis are syndesmoses?

sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments, iliolumbar ligament

What is the false pelvis?

superior, larger portion of the pelvic girdle and provides support to the intestines

What is the true pelvis?

inferior, smaller region that contains pelvic organs

What is the difference in the female bony pelvis compared to the male?

Wider pelvic inlet and pubic arch

What is the difference in the male bony pelvis compared to the female?

heart-shaped pelvic inlet, narrow pubic angle

What are the features of the human pelvis that relate to bipedalism?

Humans' pelvis is shorter, wider in shape with a bowl-like structure that provides stability

Which muscles contribute to the lateral pelvic wall?

obturator internus and piriformis muscles

Which muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?

levator ani and coccygeus muscle

Which muscles make up the levator ani portion of the pelvic diaphragm?

puborectalis, pubococcygeus, ilicoccygeus

What is the urogenital triangle?

anterior half of the perineum that contains external genitalia

What is the boundary of the urogenital triangle?

anteriorly the pubic symphysis, laterally is the ischial tuberosities and ischiopubic rami

What is the anal triangle?

posterior half of the perineum, contains external genitalia

What is the boundary of the anal triangle?

the imaginary line between the ischial tuberosities, posterior begin the coccyx, lateral being the sacrotuberous ligaments, superior being the levator ani

Which muscles in the pelvis are innervated by the pudendal nerve?

external anal sphincter, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal, deep transverse perineal muscles

Which perineal muscles are located deep to (above) the perineal membrane within the deep perineal pouch?

deep transverse perineal muscle, external urethral sphincter

Which perineal muscles are located superficial to (below) the perineal membrane within the superficial perineal pouch?

Ischicavernosus, bulbospongiosus, superficial transverse perineal muscles, bulb of vestibule, bulb of penis, crus of clitoris, crus of penis

What are the structures that pass through the pelvic diaphragm?

urethra, vagina

What are the structures that pass through the perineal membrane?

membranous part of urethra, vagina, pudendal nerve/vessels

Which pelvic structures are intraperitoneal?

uterus, ovaries

Which pelvic structures are subperitoneal?

bladder, lower rectum, prostate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens

What are the primary sex organs?

testes, ovaries

What are the secondary sex organs?

vas deferens, prostate gland, penis, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

What happens to the mesonephric ducts in the presence of testis-determining factor?

TDF triggers formation of testes -> mesonephric ducts develop into repro structures

What happens to the paramesonephric ducts in the absence of testis-determining factor?

the paramesonephric ducts become major female structures

What happens to immature sperm while they reside in the epididymis?

they mature by undergoing concentration/protection and acquiring motility/fertilization

Describe the transabdominal phase of testicular descent

the gubernaculum anchors testis to area of future scrotum -> testis moves from posterior abdominal to deep inguinal ring, still in abdomen

Describe the inguinosacral phase of testicular descent

gubernaculum guides testis through inguinal canal

What layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall are pierced by the gubernaculum?

external abdominal oblique aponeurosis, internal oblique muscle, transversalis fascia, peritoneum

What are the layers of the spermatic cord and from which anterolateral abdominal wall layers are they derived?

external oblique aponeurosis -> external spermatic fascia, internal oblique muscle -> cremaster muscle, transversalis fascia -> internal spermatic fascia

What is tunica vaginalis derived from?

peritoneum

What functions do secretions from the seminal vesicle serve?

provides energy for the sperm, neutralizes acidity in vagina, helps semen coagulate after ejaculation, stimulates uterine contractions

What functions do secretions from the prostate gland serve?

nutrients for sperm, liquefies semen after it clots, protects sperm from bacteria

What functions do secretions from the bulbourethral glands serve?

neutralizes acidity in urethra, lubricates urethra and glans penis

What structures are comprised of corpus cavernosum erectile tissue?

crus of of penis, crus of clitoris, corpora cavernosa of penis/clitoris

What structures pass through the corpora cavernosa?

branch of pudendal artery, deep artery, deep dorsal vein

What structures are comprised of corpus spongiosum erectile tissue?

bulb of penis, spongy body of penis, glans penis

What structures pass through the corpus spongiosum?

spongy urethra

What is the function of the ischicavernosus muscle? What nerve innervates this muscle?

helps maintain erection, keeps blood in erectile tissues, pudendal nerve

What is the function of the bulbospongiosus muscle? What nerve innervates this muscle?

assists erection, propels semen during ejaculation, pudendal nerve

Erection is ____________ and ejaculation is ______________

parasympathetic, sympathetic

Trace the path of sperm cells from the seminiferous tubules to the external urethral orifice

seminiferous tubules -> rete testis -> epididymis -> ductus deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra -> external urethral orifice

What is the germinal epithelium derived from?

derived from mesoderm, modified visceral peritoneum

How are estrogen and progesterone involved in the menstrual and follicular cycles?

estrogen causes the uterine lining to thicken and peaks before ovulation, progesterone maintains the uterine lining

What is the role of the corpus leutum?

forms from cells ruptured from ovarian follicle

A surge of the ____________ hormone causes the dominant follicle to release an egg during ovulation

luteinizing

What are the three layers of the uterus?

Perimetrium -> Myometrium -> Endometrium

What is the perimetrium?

thin, serous layer of epithelial cells/connective tissue

What is the myometrium?

thick middle layer with smooth muscle, contracts during childbirth/period

What is the endometrium?

innermost layer, provides a rich environment for fertilized egg, sheds during period

Which ligament(s) of the uterus are derived from the peritoneum?

broad ligament

Which ligament(s) of the uterus are derived from the female gubernaculum?

suspensory ligament, ovarian ligament

Which ligaments of the uterus are not derived from either peritoneum or the gubernaculum?

uterosacral ligaments (pubocervical, transcerival)

What are the different parts of the broad ligament called?

Mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium

What are the functions of the different part of the broad ligament?

mesovarium - supports ovaries, mesosalpinx - encloses fallopian tubes, mesometrium - supports uterus

What structure(s) pass through the female inguinal canal?

round ligament of the uterus

Which female reproductive structure(s) are derived from corpus cavernosum erectile tissue?

crus of clitoris, clitoris body

Which female reproductive structures are derived from corpus spongiosum erectile tissue?

glans of clitoris, vestibular bulbs

Which female reproductive structures are covered by the bulbospongiosus muscle?

vestibular bulbs

Which female reproductive structure(s) are covered by the ischiocavernosus muscle?

crus of clitoris

Which female reproductive structures transmit the deep artery of the clitoris?

crus of the clitoris, body of the clitoris

How are the penis and clitoris similar?

develop from the same embryonic tissue, have analogous structures

How are the penis and the clitoris different?

clitoris does not have a urethra

Describe the path of the ovarian artery and vein

abdomen -> pelvis -> ovaries via suspensory ligament

How does the ovarian artery differ from the testicular artery in terms of its path?

Testicular artery descends outside the pelvis into the scrotum and passes through the inguinal canal and travels within the spermatic cord

Describe the path of the external iliac artery and vein

branch of common iliac artery -> follows pelvic brim -> passes deep to the inguinal ligament, vein runs alongside EIA

What do the external iliac artery and vein become once they pass under the inguinal ligament?

femoral artery/vein

What structures/regions are supplied by the posterior trunks (divisions) of the internal iliac artery?

iliacus, psoas major, quadratus lumborum, spinal branch, sacrum, gluteal muscles

What structures/regions are supplied by the anterior trunks (divisions) of the internal iliac artery?

bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, uterus, vagina, rectum, external genitalia

Describe sympathetic innervation to pelvic viscera .. Which nerves are involved?

lumbar splanchnic nerves and sacral splanchnic nerves, collateral ganglion

Describe parasympathetic innervation to pelvic viscera .. Which nerves are involved?

pelvic splanchnic nerves, sacral spinal nerves S2-S4, terminal ganglion

What are the anatomical and functional characteristics of the human pelvis and femur that facilitate bipedalism?

high neck angle -> high valgus angle for bipedalism, angled inward femur for walking, short bowl-shaped pelvis for stable base

What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?

provides stability to the hip joint, limits hip extension, supports weight bearing

What is the function of the medial collateral ligament (MCL)?

prevents knee from bowing inward

What is the function of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL)?

prevents knee from bowing outward

What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)?

prevents knee from sliding too far forward

What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)?

prevents knee from sliding too far backward

What is the biomechanical function of the patella?

Acts as a pulley, increasing leverage for knee extension

Which nerves of the lumbosacral plexus are dorsal division nerves?

femoral, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, common fibular

Which nerves of the lumbosacral plexus are anterior division nerves?

obturator, tibial

Which nerves of the lumbosacral plexus innervate ventral compartment muscles?

femoral, deep fibular

Which nerves of the lumbosacral plexus innervate dorsal compartment muscles?

gluteal, tibial

Which nerves of the lumbosacral plexus innervate the medial compartment muscles of the thigh?

obturator

Which nerves of the lumbosacral plexus innervate the lateral compartment muscles of the leg?

superficial fibular

Why are so many of the dorsal and ventral divisions in the lower limb the reverse of what we see in the upper limb with respect to the muscular compartments they innervate?

The upper limb rotates laterally (externally), while the lower limb rotates medially (internally)

When do the external iliac artery and vein become the femoral artery and vein?

Once they pass under the inguinal ligament

When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

Once it passes through the adductor hiatus

List the muscles that flex the thigh (femur) at the hip joint

Adductor brevis, Adductor longus, Adductor magnus (adductor portion), TFL, Pectineus

List the muscles that abduct the thigh (femur) at the hip joint

Gluteal maximus, Gluteal medius, Gluteal minimus, TFL

List the muscles that laterally rotate the thigh (femur)

Piriformis, Gemellus superior, Gemellus inferior, Obturator internus, Obturator externus, Quadratus femoris

List the muscles that adduct the thigh (femur) at the hip

Adductor brevis, Adductor longus, Adductor magnus (adductor and hamstring portion), Pectineus, Gracilis

List the muscles that extend the thigh (femur) at the hip

Biceps femoris (long head), Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Adductor magnus (hamstring), Gluteus maximus

List the muscles that flex the leg at the knee joint

Biceps femoris (long and short heads), Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Sartorius, Popliteus

List the muscles that extend the leg at the knee joint

Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius

List the muscles that are innervated by the femoral nerve (8)

Psoas major, Iliacus, Pectineus, Sartorius, Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius

List the muscles that are innervated by the obturator nerve

Adductor brevis, Adductor longus, Adductor magnus, Gracilis

List the muscles that are innervated by the tibial nerve

Adductor magnus, Biceps femoris (long head), Semitendinosus, Popliteus

List the muscles that are innervated by the superior gluteal nerve

Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus, TFL

List the muscles that are innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve

Gluteal maximus