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spatial
relating to space
absolute location
the precise point where a place is located on Earth
cartography
the science of making maps
relative location
where a place is located in relation to another place
geographic information system (GIS)
a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data
latitude
distance north or south of the equator
equator
the imaginary center line of latitude that divides the northern and southern hemispheres
longitude
distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees
prime meridian
imaginary line drawn from the North Pole through Greenwich, England, to the South Pole
place
specific human and physical characteristics of a location
region
a group of places on Earth with similar human and/or physical features
site
the characteristics of a place (immediate location), Ex: soil type, climate, labor force, human structures
situation
the location of a place relative to other places and its surroundings
toponym
place name
time-space compression
the shrinking of time distance between locations because of improved methods of transportation
distance decay
decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin
density
number of something in a specifically defined area Ex: population density is the number of people per square mile
human-environment interaction
connection and exchange between humans and the natural world
culture
beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.
environmental determinism
the idea that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment
possibilism
a view that acknowledges limits on the effect of the natural environment and focuses more on the role that human culture plays
scale
the ratio between the size of things in the real world and the size of those same things on a map
projection
the system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map
diffusion
the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
formal region
an area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
GPS
a system that determines accurately the precise position of something on Earth through satellites, tracking stations, and receivers
location
the position of anything on Earth's surface
movement
an act of changing physical location or position or of having this changed
remote sensing
process of gathering data about Earth from instruments far above the planet's surface
spatial analysis
the analysis of geographic data about a certain place
physical geography
one of the two major divisions of systematic geography; the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location ex: of items studied: climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography
human geography
one of the two major divisions of Geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes
connectivity
how well two locations are tied together by roads or other links (often used when describing relative location)
sense of place
the feeling that an area has a distinct and meaningful character
friction of distance
when things are farther apart, they tend to be less well connected
distribution
the arrangement of something across Earth's surface
landscape analysis
the task of defining and describing landscape
spatial data
all of the information that can be tied to a specific locations
built environment
part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the landscape created by humans ex: buildings, roads, signs, fences etc.
cultural landscape
the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape
relative scale (scale of analysis)
the amount of territory that a map represents ex: global scale means the entire planet
reference maps
maps designed for people to refer to for general information about places
physical map
a map that shows natural features such as mountains, rivers and deserts
choropleth map (thematic)
uses various colors, shades of one color, or patterns to show the location and distribution of data
thematic map
a map that shows a particular theme, or topic ex: choropleth, dot distribution, graduated symbol, isoline
dot distribution map
a map where dots are used to demonstrate the frequency or intensity of a particular phenomena
isoline map
a thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value
cartogram (thematic)
the sizes of countries are shown to some specific statistic
mercator projection
a projection of a map of the world onto a cylinder in such a way that all the parallels of latitude have the same length as the equator, EX: used especially for marine charts and certain climatological maps.
peters projection
focuses on keeping landmasses equal in area. As a result, the shapes are distorted, and the map looks unfamiliar to viewers
robinson projection
projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors (does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each)
mental map
maps that people create in their minds based on their experience and knowledge
placelessness
the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next ex: Walmart- everyone of them looks the same
regionalization
process by which specific regions acquire characteristics that differentiate them from others within the same country; certain economic activities may dominate in particular regions
topographic map
a map that shows the surface features of Earth
satellite-based systems
pictures of Earth’s surface from satellites to provide a greater understanding of the Earth’s geography over large distances
functional region
a social or economic function that occurs between a node or focal point and the surrounding areas
perceptual/vernacular region
feelings and prejudices that may or may not be true (based off of perspective)
conformal region
maintains shape but distorts other properties