Megaset- KSB 113 First Exam

1. Operational Effectiveness (Automated inventory systems restock faster than rivals)

Performing business activities better, faster, cheaper, or with fewer errors than competitors.

2. Fast Follower Problem (Instagram copying Snapchat “Stories”)

The risk that innovators are quickly imitated by others who learn from their mistakes and launch similar products with lower costs.

3. Technology Effects (Online shopping reduces store foot traffic)

The broad changes and impacts that technology brings to business operations, markets, and society.

4. Information Systems and Partnerships (Supply chain software links manufacturers and retailers)

Using technology and data systems to support collaboration between businesses for mutual benefit.

5. Hardware (Laptops, servers, printers)

The physical components of computers and related devices.

6. Software (Microsoft Office, accounting apps)

Programs and applications that run on hardware to perform tasks or solve problems.

7. Firmware (Code running your phone’s touchscreen)

Specialized software stored on hardware devices, controlling their low-level behavior.

8. E-waste and Sustainability (Recycling old phones)

E-waste is discarded electronics; sustainability is about managing this waste to reduce environmental harm.

9. Green IT (Using energy-efficient servers)

Practices and technologies designed to minimize the environmental impact of information technology.

10. Cost Considerations in Sustainability (Energy-saving equipment versus utility savings)

Evaluating expenses and long-term savings from adopting sustainable information technology practices.

11. Cultural Barriers to Green IT (Managers don’t see the value of reducing power use)

Organizational beliefs or habits that resist environmentally friendly technology changes.

12. Virtualization and Energy Efficiency (Many virtual servers replace many physical servers)

Using fewer physical machines by running multiple virtual ones, saving energy and resources.

13. Cloud Computing (Google Drive replaces local file storage)

Accessing computing resources such as storage or software over the internet instead of managing hardware locally.

14. Cloud Service Models (SaaS) (Gmail or Zoom for software delivery)

Different methods for delivering cloud services such as SaaS for software, PaaS for platforms, and IaaS for infrastructure.

15. HTML and Web Structure (Headings and links on a website)

HTML provides the code for web page structure, organizing content, links, and images using tags.

16. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems (SAP or Oracle integrates HR, finance, supply chain)

Software platforms that combine core business processes so departments can coordinate and share data.

17. Domain Name System (DNS) (Visiting www.college.edu, DNS finds its IP)

The system that translates web addresses into numeric IP addresses browsers use to connect.

18. Open Source Software (OSS) and Licensing (Linux OS is open source)

Software with source code that is publicly available for anyone to use, modify, and share under certain licenses.

19. Artificial Intelligence (AI) (Facial recognition or Netflix recommendations)

Computer systems that perform tasks requiring human intelligence, such as learning or pattern recognition.

20. Large Language Models (LLMs) (ChatGPT answers questions using lots of text data)

Artificial intelligence that uses vast datasets to generate and understand human language.

21. Expert Systems (Medical diagnosis system suggests treatments)

AI programs that use rules and knowledge to mimic the decisions of a human expert.

22. Prompt Engineering (“Explain cloud computing to a 10th grader” guides the AI)

Designing input questions or statements to get clearer and more useful answers from AI models.

23. AI Training Data (Corpus) (Books and articles fed to train an AI)

Large collections of information such as text or images used to train artificial intelligence models.

24. Moore’s Law (Phones get twice as powerful every couple years)

The observation that microchip transistor counts double about every two years, making computers faster and cheaper.

25. Gartner Hype Cycle (Blockchain: hype, skepticism, then practical uses)

A model showing the journey of new technologies from early excitement through disappointment to productive use.

Internet

Interconnected global network of computers using standard protocols for communication.

Redundancy

System design allowing network reliability even if parts fail.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

Standard address used to link to resources online.

HTTPS

Secure version of the HTTP protocol for safe data transmission.

Registrar/ICANN

Organizations managing registration and regulation of domain names.

Cybersquatting

Illegally registering domains to profit from trademarks.

IP Address

Unique identifier assigned to each device on the network.

IPv4

Original Internet Protocol address format.

IPv6

Newer Internet Protocol with a larger address space.

Domain Name System (DNS)

Hierarchical database translating domain names to IP addresses.

DNS Cache Poisoning

Attack corrupting DNS data to redirect users.

Network Security

Measures to protect data and infrastructure online.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Technology enabling machines to perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence.

Automation

The use of technology to perform tasks with minimal human intervention.

Algorithmic Bias

Systematic and unfair discrimination in computer algorithms.

Generative AI (GenAI)

AI that produces original content such as text, images, or audio.

Large Language Model (LLM)

AI models trained on massive amounts of text data to generate human

Neural Network

Computational models inspired by the human brain, enabling machine learning.

Machine Learning

Field of AI where computers improve at tasks through experience/data.

Deep Learning

Type of machine learning using layered neural networks for complex problem

Transformer Architecture

Neural network design that processes data in parallel and is foundational for LLMs.

AI Literacy

Understanding how AI works and its potential risks and benefits.

Ethical AI

Practices ensuring fairness, transparency, and accountability in AI deployment.

Black Box Problem

Difficulty in understanding or interpreting complex AI decision processes.

Qubits

Fundamental units of quantum computing.

Spotify’s Echo Nest

AI

Data

Driven Decision Making

Software

Programs and instructions that control computer hardware.

Hardware

Physical components of technology, such as storage and peripherals.

Operating System (OS)

System software managing hardware and providing a platform for applications (e.g., Windows, MacOS, Linux).

Application Software

Programs built to fulfill user or business needs (desktop or enterprise).

Embedded Systems

Specialized computing systems within larger devices for specific functions.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Software that integrates multiple business functions.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

Software for managing a company’s relationships with customers.

Supply Chain Management (SCM)

Software managing the flow of goods and information.

Business Intelligence (BI)

Tools and systems for analyzing business data.

Database Management System (DBMS)

Software for creating, managing, and organizing databases.

Distributed Computing

Coordinating activities across multiple networked computers.

Web Services

Standardized ways for systems to communicate over the Internet.

API (Application Programming Interface)

Specifications and tools for building and interacting with software applications.

EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)

Standard for exchanging business documents between organizations electronically.

XML/JSON

Data formats for structuring and transferring information.

Programming Language

Formal language for coding software (e.g., Java, Python).

Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

Software for writing and testing code.

Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

Platform for running Java programs on any device.

Scripting Language

Language that runs inside other applications for automation or flexibility.

Waterfall Methodology

Sequential and rigid project management approach.

Agile Methodology

Iterative and collaborative approach to software development.

Scrum

Agile framework with defined roles, artifacts, and ceremonies for managing projects.

Product Backlog/Sprint Backlog

Lists of tasks and goals in Scrum methodology.

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

All costs associated with acquiring, operating, and maintaining a system over its lifecycle.

Scope Creep

Uncontrolled expansion of project requirements.

Tech Failure

Breakdown of a technology project due to various risks.

Digital Transformation

Organizational change involving deep integration of digital technology.

Open Source Software (OSS)

Software with source code freely available for use, modification, and distribution.

Proprietary Software

Software with restricted source code access, typically commercial.

Linux

Widespread OSS operating system.

Reliability

The dependability and stability of a software product.

Scalability

Ability of a system to handle growing users or workload.

Interoperability

Ability for different systems to work together.

Cost Savings

Reduced expenses, a major advantage of OSS.

Network Effects

Increased value as more people use a product or service.

Red Hat/Oracle

Companies that profit from OSS through support and subscriptions.

Licensing

Legal permissions covering the use and distribution of software.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Platform for software creation delivered online.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Virtualized hardware resources delivered online.

Public/Private/Hybrid Cloud

Different cloud deployment models.

Cloudbursting

Scaling to public cloud resources during demand spikes.

Virtualization

Creating multiple virtual servers from one physical server.

Containerization

Lightweight virtualization sharing a single OS kernel.

Kubernetes/Docker

Tools for managing containers.

App Store

Platform for distributing mobile applications.

Fragmented Marketplace

Market with many competing, small providers.

Make, Buy, or Rent

Decision framework for acquiring software solutions.

Competitive Advantage

Unique strengths giving a firm an edge.