Oxidative Stress and Ischemia-Reperfusion

What can cause Oxydative Stress

ROS

Production of ROS (2)

1. Mitochondria during ATP production

2. Neutrophils and macrophages

Removal of ROS (3)

1. Spontaneous decay

2. Enzymes

3. Antioxidants

What can increase ROS and cause oxidative stress (too much ROS)? (3)

1. Infection

   1. Activation of inflammatory cells to destroy microbes

2. Ionizing radiation and some chemicals

3. Ischemia-reperfusion injury

How does increased ROS cause cell injury?

1. Lipid peroxidation

2. Single-stranded DNA breaks

3. Cross-link or fragment proteins

What does lipid peroxidation do? (2)

1. Damage membranes

2. Reversible then necrosis

What does Cross-link or fragment proteins do? (3)

1. Increase protein degradation (structural proteins and enzymes)

2. Protein misfolding

3. Irreversible