Exam review

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Potassium

A mineral essential for various bodily functions, with normal blood levels ranging from 3.5 to 5.0 mmol/L.

Sulfonylureas

A class of anti-diabetic medications that stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin and increase insulin sensitivity on target cells.

Biguanide

An anti-diabetic medication like Metformin that reduces glucose production by the liver and improves insulin sensitivity.

Thiazolidinedione

A class of anti-diabetic medications that stimulate specific receptors to reduce insulin resistance.

Insulin

A hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, used in the treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Hypertonic

Refers to a solution with higher osmolality, causing water to move from areas of low osmolality to high osmolality.

Isotonic

A solution with the same osmolality as bodily fluids, resulting in no net fluid shift.

Hypotonic

A solution with lower osmolality, leading to water moving from the solution to the cells.

Pharmacokinetics

The study of how the body processes a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Pharmacodynamics

The study of what a drug does to the body, including its effects and mechanisms of action.

Bronchodilators

Medications that help open the airways, including Beta2 Adrenergic Agonists like SABA and LABA.

Leukotriene Modifiers

Medications that can increase the risk of suicidal ideation and liver injury, often used in respiratory conditions.

Antibiotics

Medications used to treat bacterial infections, with the importance of obtaining cultures before use for proper identification of the pathogen.

Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI)

A device that delivers a specific amount of medication to the lungs in aerosol form.

Chronic Pulmonary Disease

A long-term lung disease that makes it hard to breathe, such as chronic bronchitis or emphysema.

Codeine

A medication that can act as an antitussive (cough suppressant) in addition to pain relief.

Tonsillectomy

Surgical removal of the tonsils.

Cardiovascular Medications

Medications that affect the heart and blood vessels.

Atrial Fibrillation

An irregular heart rhythm that can lead to stroke or heart failure.

Famotidine

A medication used to treat heartburn by blocking histamine receptors.

Laxatives

Medications used to promote bowel movements and relieve constipation.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Selective-Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Medications that increase the availability of serotonin in the brain by inhibiting its reabsorption.

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Medications that increase the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase.

Benzodiazepines

Medications that enhance the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA, leading to sedative effects and relaxation.

Lithium

A medication used to treat bipolar disorder by stabilizing mood swings.

Depo-Provera

A progestin-only contraceptive injection effective for birth control for up to 3 months.

Oxytocics

Medications that stimulate uterine contractions, commonly used during labor.

Finasteride

Medication prescribed for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) to reduce prostate size.

Equianalgesic chart

A tool used to compare the potency of different analgesic medications, with morphine as the standard.

Acetaminophen

A pain reliever and fever reducer that can cause liver damage in high doses.

Reye's syndrome

A rare but serious condition that can occur in children who take aspirin during certain viral infections.