Imperial Image sources

Aureus 43 BC

obv: bare headed Octavian. rev: head of Julius Caesar wearing laurel wreath

Denarius 32-29 BC

obv: bare headed Octavian rev: Pax standing left holding an olive branch and a cornucopia

Aureus 28 BC

obv: head of Octavian wearing a wreath rev: Octavian seated on bench holding scroll

When was the Basanite bust of Livia commissioned?

31 BC

Denarius 19-18 BC

obv: head of Augustus wearing laurel wreath rev: 8 rayed comet with tail poinyting upward

Denarius 12 BC

obv: bareheaded Augustus rev: sacrificial implements (lituus and simpulum) above a tripod and a patera

when was the Prima Porta Augustus comissioned?

20 BC

Horace A toast to Actium

“Let’s delight in banishing fear and anxiety”

Horace epode a toast to actium MA

"The enemy beaten at sea and on land changes his scarlet cloak for black"

Horace ode immorality

"Romans, though you're guiltless you still expiate your father's sins"

Propertius Womens Power

“dared to oppose our Jupiter with yapping Anubis"

Propertius Women’s Power Augustus

"with Caesar alive Rome scarcely need fear Jove"

Horace moral decadence impiety

“ neglected gods have made many woes for sad Italy"

Horace ode to Cleopatra

"that deadly monster" “maddened queen”

Horace ode to cleopatra - death

"she intending to perish more nobly...showed no sign of womanish fear"

Horace Augustus returns

"i'll not fear civil war while Caesar has command of the earth"

Horace Augustus returns piety

"his wife... our famous leader's sister all dressed in holy ribbons"

Propertius Chaste and faithful Galla

"may all you perish equally and whoever else prefers his weapon to a faithful bride!"

Propertius The Temple of Pallatine Apollo

"Phoebus... spoke: 'O Augustus..my bow is on your side"

Propertius the Temple of Palletine Apollo

"Rome won through Apollo's loyalty"

Ovid Metamorphoses - 8 AD

"take up Caesar's spirit from his murdered corpse and change it into a star"

Ovid Metamorphoses morality

"he [Augustus] will direct morality by his own example"

Ovid Metamorphoses

"in order for the emperor not to have been born of mortal seed Caesar needed to be made a god"

Horace Carmen Saeculare

"let Earth that is fruitful in crops adorn or Ceres"

Horace Carmen Saeculare

“Faith and Peace, Honour and Ancient Modesty dare to return once more with neglected virtue"

Wallace-Hadrill : Ovid's Metamorphoses

“ metamorphoses take place gradually... Augustus' transformation of Rome was a long and gradual process"

Galinsky : Julius Caesar

"To be the son of a slain dictator was a mixed blessing; to be the son of a god, an unmitigated one"

Wallace-Hadrill : Actium

" the victory was one of Roman decency over barbarism and corruption"

R. Newmann - coin 43 BC

"Octavian... needed to justify his position in relation to the Senate and the other two commanders"

Harris - Literacy rates

Literacy rates were at 10% max

Wilson - coins

" coins are clear, uncluttered, and easy to decode."

Jones : Cleopatra

"Octavian's propaganda has led to the image of her.

Being lubricious, extravagant, luring men to disaster"