AP EURO key vocab

Christian Humanism

led by Erasmus, belief that God wants humans to create great things

Humanism

Led by Petrarch; focuses on people’s needs valued and potential

Secularism

principle of keeping religion and government separate; coined by Holyoake

Printing press

invented by Gutenburg and helped spread Ideas and literacy all across Europe.

Italian Renaissance

More focused on Humanism

Northern Renaissance

Focused more on Christian Humanism

Vernacular

Everyday language

Colombian exchange

Exchange of goods ideas people and diseased from across the new world and Europe

Commercial Revolution

Time period of major economic change where trade expanded business practices improved and new financial systems developed helping Europe grow richer and more connected to the world

Joint stock company

Company Owned by a group of people who put in money and share the reward

Mercantilism

You receive by exporting more than you import

Scientific revolution

When people in Europe changed how they viewed the world using the scientific method rather than old texts and religions

New Monarchs

Rulers who worked to take more control over their countries and made their governments more stronger and unified

Indulgences

Forgiveness for your sins

Predestination

your salvation or damnation is determined by god and you cannot change it

Putting out system

merchants put out materials and workers make products like cloth at home.

Baroque art

style of art with bold colors, dramatic lighting, movement, and emotional intensity.

Anabaptists

christians who believed in adult baptism, separation of church and state, and living simply and peacefully

Huguenots

French Protestants

politique

political stability and unity over religious beliefs.

Enlightenment

Time period where European thinkers used logic science and reasoning to question old ideas about government religion and society

Absolutism

Monarchs have complete power over a nation

Constitutionalism

a government's power is limited by laws and constitution

Divine right of kings

a king/queens power comes directly from god

Deism

belief in a great god who made the universe but does not interfere after that

General will

what is best for society

Parements - regional courts that recorded and enforced the Kings laws; had the power to block

Balance of power

no country should be so powerful that it dominates others

Enclosure movement

Landowners in England began to fence off open farmland turning it into private property.

Agricultural revolution

Made farming more productive which helped support the growing population and lead to big changes in society

Sans culottes

working class revolutionaries in France

Nationalism

strong belief in your country

Romanticisms

cultural and artistic movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that emphasized emotion, individualism, nature, and imagination over reason and order.

Philosophers

enlightenment thinkers who used reason to try and improve society examples include: John Locke, Diderot, Voltaire, Roseau, Montesquieu

Enlightened despotism

when absolute monarchs borrowed ideas from the enlightenment but still gained maintained and consolidated power

Girondins

political group during the french revolution who wanted to limit the power of radicals and believed in Constitutional monarchy; defeated by Jacobins 

Jacobins

Most radical political group during the French Revolution, led by Robbespiere, behind the reign of terror and believed in a republic. 

Levee en masse

able bodied men required to serve in the military to fight for France 

Thermidorian reaction

political shift that ended the reign of terror; led to more moderate phase of the French revolution.

Industrial revolution

when machines and factories began to replace hand made production 

Conservatism

political belief that supports ways of tradition and resisting modern changes 

Liberalism

promotes individual rights, freedom, and a limited government.

Socialism

the government/society owns and controls key resources to reduce inequality

Utopian socialists

Early socialists who imagined perfect and peaceful communities without class divisions.

Marxism

theory by Karl Marx; workers should take power from the rich and make everyone equal 

Anarchists

people who think society would be better without any government or rulers.

Cult of domesticity

belief that good women, should take care of their house and family, not work outside

Sceond wave of industrial revolution

a later wave of industrial growth (late 1800’s) that focused on steel, electricity, chemicals 

Zionism

Jewish people should have their own country to live safely and freely

Realpolitik

doing whatever it takes to gain o maintain power - even if it's unfair to some

Social darwinism

stronger people/nations dominate weaker ones, based on survival of the fittest 

Positivism

believing in rather science in facts and not religion 

Freudian psychology

Freud’s ideas about the unconscious mind and how childhood and inner thoughts shape behavior. 

Realism

A style showcasing life regularly  without glorifying it 

Concert of Europe

Held after Napoleon's defeat and helped maintain balance and power between European Nations for almost 100 years.

Proletariat

the working class 

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, often referring to business owners or those with wealth 

Modern art

broke traditional rules and explored new ideas and forms.

Autocracy

one person holds absolute power

Imperialism

power country takes over weaker country to gain land, resources etc 

Spheres of influence

region where one country controls trade or influence, even without owning it fully.

14 points

US president Woodrow Wilson's plan after WW1

Bolsheviks

Radical communist group that took power in 1917 during the russian Revolution

New economic policy

Lenin’s plan in the 1920's was a mix of communism and capitalism to fix russia’s economy after the revolution and war.

Existentialism

people must create their own meaning in a confused or meaningless world 

Relativity

Albert Einstein; time and space can change depending on how fast you’re moving. 

Totalitarianism

government with total control, where people have no freedom or privacy 

Fascism

government ruled by one leader, focusing on military power, loyalty and crushing opposition (Like Hitler and Mussolini)

Keynesian Economics

government should help the economy by spending more when people aren’t 

Appeasement

giving into demands to avoid conflict 

Holocaust

Mass murder of Jews thanks to hitler.

Containment

trying to prevent communism from spreading to other countries

Cold war

period of political tension and rivalry Between the US and the Soviet Union, without direct fighting 

Brezhnev Doctrine

Soviet policy said they could interfere in any communist country to keep communism in power

Marshall plan

The US gives money to reconstruct Europe after WW2

Decolonization

colonies  get their independence from European Powers after WW2 

De Stalinization

(Krushchev) Soviet effort to undo Stalin’s harsh policies

Detente

Period of relaxed tensions between the US and USSR 

Solidarity movement

group of workers in poland who demanded freedom and helped break soviet control 

Glasnost

Letting people speak more freely and discuss problems in the soviet society 

Perestroika

Trying to fix the soviet system by making timor open and efficient

Welfare state

country where the government helps take care of people's basic needs. 

Globalization

world becomes more linked – sharing products, ideas etc over borders

European Union

a team of European Nations that cooperate on trade, laws and travel.