ap bio unit 1: elements of life

elements in amino acids

CHONS

elements in nucleic acids

CHONP

hydrolysis

put water in to break apart a polymer (exergonic)

dehydration synthesis

take water out to put together a polymer (endergonic)

gycosidic linkages

carbohydrate bonds

phosphodiester bonds

nucleic acid bonds

ester linkages

lipid bonds

peptide bonds

protein bonds

monosaccharides

carbohydrate monomer

nucleotide

nucleic acid monomer

carb structure

branched or ringed

nucleic acid structure

pentose sugar (deoxyribose/ribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base (ATGCU)

triglyceride

fats (lipids); 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acid chains

phospholipids

in cell membrane; 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains, 1 phosphate group

steroids

testosterone/estrogen; 4 rings

adhesion

high solvency

cohesion

high heat cap.

adhesion + cohesion

capillary action

amino acid structure

amino group (h2n), carboxyl group (o=c=oh), r group

carbs vs lipids

carbs are polar (OH group)

absolute specificity

enzyme only binds to one substrate

low specificity

enzyme only acts on certain bonds so they can accept any substrate w/ that bond (lipase, amylase)

cofactor

helps substrate bind to enzyme

holoenzyme

complex formed by cofactor and enzyme

allosteric site

binding site for activators/inhibitors

competitive inhibitor

binds to active site

noncompetitive inhibitor

binds to allosteric site

reversible enzyme reactions

think medication

irreversible enzyme reactions

e.g. nerve agent; disables enzymes

apoenzyme

inactive until there is cofactor

RNA/DNA synthesis direction

5’ to 3’