daddy boone test

What is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Diffusion

Does diffusion require an input of energy from the cell

No, it is a passive process

What state is reached when the concentration of a substance is the same throughout a space

Equilibrium

What is the specific term for the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Osmosis

In which direction does water move during osmosis relative to solute concentration

From an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

What type of solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell

A hypotonic solution

What happens to an animal cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution

It will swell and potentially burst

What type of solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell

A hypertonic solution

What happens to the physical size of a cell when placed in a hypertonic solution

The cell shrinks

What is an isotonic solution

A solution where the concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell

If a cell contains 92% water and is placed in a solution of 90% water, will it swell or shrink

It will shrink because it is in a hypertonic environment

If a cell contains 92% water and the outside environment is 94% water, is the solution hypotonic or hypertonic

The solution is hypotonic

What is the result of a plant cell losing water pressure against the cell wall

The plant wilts

What do we call a plant cell that is swollen and firm due to high internal water pressure

Turgid

Which process allows large molecules like glucose to cross the membrane through protein channels without energy

Facilitated diffusion

Does facilitated diffusion move molecules with or against the concentration gradient

With the gradient, from high to low concentration

What process moves materials from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

Active transport

What specific molecule provides the energy required for active transport

ATP

Which transport method moves substances "up" or "against" the concentration gradient

Active transport

What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump

To move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell against their gradients

How many sodium ions are pumped out of the cell in one cycle of the sodium-potassium pump

Three sodium ions

How many potassium ions are pumped into the cell during one cycle of the pump

Two potassium ions

What causes the protein pump to change its shape during the sodium-potassium cycle

Phosphorylation from the breakdown of ATP

What is the general term for taking material into the cell by means of infoldings of the cell membrane

Endocytosis

Which specific type of endocytosis is known as "cell eating" for large particles

Phagocytosis

What structure is formed to surround a large particle during phagocytosis

A vacuole

Which process involves the intake of tiny pockets of liquid and dissolved solutes from the environment

Pinocytosis

What structure is formed during pinocytosis to contain the ingested liquid

A vesicle

What is the process of releasing large amounts of material from the cell

Exocytosis

How does the cell membrane change during exocytosis

The membrane of the vacuole or vesicle fuses with the cell membrane to force contents out

What is the primary goal of homeostasis

To maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes

What is the standard homeostatic set point for human body temperature

37°C

What is the target percentage of water for a human body to maintain homeostasis

70%

What cooling mechanism does the body use when the internal temperature rises above the set point

Sweating

What heating mechanism is triggered when the body temperature falls below the set point

Shivering

What type of feedback loop is used to regulate body temperature back to its set point

A negative feedback loop

What is the homeostatic set point for blood glucose levels

90mg per 100mL

Which organ is responsible for monitoring and regulating blood glucose

The pancreas

Which specific cells in the pancreas release insulin

Beta cells

What causes the pancreas to release insulin

A rise in blood glucose levels, typically after eating

What does the liver do in response to insulin

It takes up glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen

Which specific cells in the pancreas release glucagon

Alpha cells

What triggers the release of glucagon into the bloodstream

A fall in blood glucose levels

How does the liver respond to the presence of glucagon

It breaks down stored glycogen and releases glucose back into the blood

What is the term for a group of similar cells that perform a particular function

A tissue

What is a group of tissues working together to perform a specific, complex function called

An organ

What are the four levels of biological organization from simplest to most complex

Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

What process allows cells to become specialized for specific tasks during development

Cell differentiation

What is a stem cell

An unspecialized cell that has the potential to become many different types of specialized cells

Name three types of specialized cells that can differentiate from a stem cell according to the diagram

Muscle cells, blood cells, and nervous cells

What is the specific function of a specialized nervous cell

To send and receive signals throughout the body

What is the primary function of a specialized red blood cell

To transport oxygen to various parts of the body

What is the function of a specialized muscle cell

To contract and allow for movement

Give an example of an organ system mentioned in the slides

The digestive system

What organ is used as an example of the third level of organization in the hierarchy diagram

The stomach

What type of tissue is specifically mentioned as being part of the stomach's structure

Smooth muscle tissue

Why is cell specialization necessary in multicellular organisms

It allows the organism to perform complex life processes that a single cell cannot do alone

How is a multicellular organism similar to a sports team

Each member or cell type has a specific job that contributes to the success and survival of the whole group

What is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Diffusion

Does diffusion require the cell to use energy

No, it is a passive process

What state is reached when the concentration of a substance is the same throughout a space

Equilibrium

What is the specific term for the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Osmosis

In which direction does water move during osmosis in relation to solute concentration

From an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

What type of solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell

A hypotonic solution

What happens to an animal cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution

It will swell and potentially burst

What type of solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the inside of a cell

A hypertonic solution

What happens to the physical size of a cell when placed in a hypertonic solution

The cell shrinks

What is an isotonic solution

A solution where the concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell

If a cell contains 92% water and is placed in a solution of 90% water, will it swell or shrink

It will shrink

If a cell contains 92% water and the outside environment is 94% water, is the solution hypotonic or hypertonic

The solution is hypotonic

What is the result of a plant cell losing water pressure

The plant wilts

What do we call a plant cell that is swollen and firm due to water intake

Turgid

Which process allows large molecules like glucose to cross the membrane through protein channels without energy

Facilitated diffusion

Does facilitated diffusion move molecules with or against the concentration gradient

With the gradient, from high to low concentration

What process moves materials from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

Active transport

What specific molecule provides the energy required for active transport

ATP

Which transport method moves substances "up" or "against" the concentration gradient

Active transport

What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump

To move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

How many sodium ions are pumped out of the cell in one cycle of the sodium-potassium pump

Three sodium ions

How many potassium ions are pumped into the cell during one cycle of the pump

Two potassium ions

What causes the protein pump to change its shape during the sodium-potassium cycle

Phosphorylation from the breakdown of ATP

What is the general term for taking material into the cell by means of infoldings of the cell membrane

Endocytosis

Which specific type of endocytosis is known as "cell eating" for large particles

Phagocytosis

What structure is formed to surround a large particle during phagocytosis

A vacuole

Which process involves the intake of tiny pockets of liquid from the surrounding environment

Pinocytosis

What structure is formed during pinocytosis

A vesicle

What is the process of releasing large amounts of material from the cell

Exocytosis

How does the cell membrane change during exocytosis

The membrane of the vacuole or vesicle fuses with the cell membrane to force contents out

What is the primary goal of homeostasis

To maintain a stable internal environment

What is the standard homeostatic set point for human body temperature

37 degrees Celsius

What is the target percentage of water for a human body to maintain homeostasis

70 percent

What cooling mechanism does the body use when the internal temperature rises above the set point

Sweating

What heating mechanism is triggered when the body temperature falls below the set point

Shivering

What type of feedback loop is used to regulate body temperature

A negative feedback loop

What is the homeostatic set point for blood glucose levels

90mg per 100mL

Which organ is responsible for monitoring and regulating blood glucose

The pancreas

Which specific cells in the pancreas release insulin

Beta cells

What causes the pancreas to release insulin

A rise in blood glucose levels, typically after eating

What does the liver do in response to insulin

It takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen

Which specific cells in the pancreas release glucagon

Alpha cells