Biology MCAS / Final Review

Rule of 10

energy is passed in an ecosystem from one trophic level to the next, only ten percent of the energy will be passed on

What is an organic compound?

Substances containing carbon

Elements involved

- Carbon

- Nitrogen

- Phosphorus

- Hydrogen

- Oxygen

- Sulfur

4 major molecules in living things

- Nucleic acid

- proteins

- Carbs

- lipids

Molecules in Nucleic acids

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Proteins

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Carbs

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Sulfur

Lipids

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Macromolecule

A molecule containing large amounts of atoms

Amino Acid

Protein

Polypeptide

many amino acids bonded together

Monosaccharide

1 "ring", building blocks of carbs

Polysaccharides

multi monosaccharides bonded together

Nucleotide

Building blocks for nucleic acids

Fatty Acid

Building blocks for lipids

Function of carbs

#1 source of energy

Function of Lipids

#2 source of energy

insulation

protection

Function of Proteins

structure

regulation

immunity

Function of Nucleic acids

controls genetics

Catalyst

Speeds up chemical reactions

Enzyme

Biological catalyst

Activation energy

Amount of energy needed to start a reaction

Substrate

what goes into a reaction

Product

What comes out a reaction

Active site

Site of chemical reaction

2 factors that control the rate of enzyme activity

Heat (Temp)

p.H

Organelle

Structure of the cell

flagellum

threadlike structure on bacteria

Structures found in animal cells but not plant cells

Lysosomes

Centrosomes

Structures found in plant but not animal cells

cell wall

chloroplast

What do all plant cells require

Chloroplast

Plasma membrane

Cell boundary

Nuclear envelope

encloses nucleus

nucleus

control center

nucleolus

create ribosomes

Cytoplasm

fluid filling up cell

Mitochondria

Cell respiration (glucose --> ATP)

Endoplasmic reticulum

Protein Transportation

Golgi Apparatus

Packages and ships proteins out of cell

Lysosome

Gets rid of old cell parts

Ribosome

Make proteins

Vacuole

Large storage tank for water in plants

Cell wall

Give plants box-like shape

Chloroplast

Photosynthesis

Cytoskeleton

maintain cell's shape

Centrioles

Mitosis- help in cell reporduction

Selectively permeable

"Picky" only allow certain things in/out

Diffusion

High --> Low mov't

Osmosis

High --> Low mov't of water

Facilitated Diffusion

High --> Low mov't thru a channel

Active transport

Low --> High mov't with energy

Prokaryote

small simple cell - no organelles

Eukaryote

Bigger, complex - have organelles

Info on prokaryotes

- No nucleus

- DNA is floating around in cytoplasm

- No bound organelles

- has ribosomes

- size is very small

- EX: Bacteria

Info on Eukaryotes

- has a Nucleus

- DNA is inside nucleus

- Have bound organelles

- have ribosomes

- size= large

- EX: plants and animals

Reactant

undergoing chemical reaction

Cellular Respiration

Converting food into energy

Photosynthesis

convert sunlight into glucose

Equation for Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Reactants of Photosynthesis

Water, CO2 and sunlight

Product of Photosynthesis

Oxygen, glucose

Source of energy for Photosynthesis

Sun

Role of Chlorophyll

gives the plant the green color

What organisms do photosynthesis

plants

Equation for Cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + O2 ----->CO2 + H2O + ATP

reactants of Cellular respiration

glucose and oxygen

Products of cellular respiration

carbon dioxide, water and ATP

Organisms that do cellular Respiration

Plants and animals

Metabolism

all chemical reactions in body

Chemical energy

energy stored in bonds

Main source of energy all organisms use

ATP

Process in cell that converts all chemicals into usable energy

cellular respiration

Cellular reproduction

2 cells joining to make 1 new cell

Asexual reproduction

single cell making a new one

Mitosis

Making new body cells

Interphase

Phase of cell cycle. NOT MITOSIS. Longest stage of the cell cycle

Chromatin

Non-reproducing form of chromosome

Chromosome

- 46 in cells

- carry genetic info

Sister chromatids

When cell are reproducing, duplicating chormosomes

Centromere

point were sister chromatids join

G1 Phase

Growth

S Phase

DNA is replicated

G2 Phase

double check before reproduction

Mitosis (Individual steps)

Prophase: Cells become paired together as chromatids.

Metaphase: Chromosomes become attached to spindle fibers.

Anaphase: Chromosomes go on opposite sides of the cell.

Telophase: the spindle fibers shoot out

Cytokinesis

the final chop and there's two cells

Reasons why cell undergoes Mitosis

1. Replace dead ones

2. grow bigger

Meiosis

making gametes

Haploid

Half of the # of chromosomes

Diploid

Double the # of chromosomes

Crossing over

Genetic info exchanged between homologus chromosomes

genetic variation

mutation and changes in DNA

Gamete

sex cells (sperm and egg)

Fertilization

gametes joining together

Zygote

New cell after fertilization

Difference between a cell and a virus

CELL:

- genetic material: DNA

- Repro. method: Asexual or sexual

VIRUS:

- genetic material: DNA or RNA

- Repro. method: Needs a host

General structure of a virus

- DNA or RNA core

- Protein coat

- Proteins on the surface that con bond with the host, tricking the cell into allowing the virus DNA in.

Why are viruses considered not living things?

Needs a host to reproduce and therefore, isn't a living thing

DNA

All genetic material

Sugar - Phosphate backbones

The structure of DNA and what holds it together

Double helix

the structure formed to make it look like double stranded moleclues