EXAM 1 MasterSet

Compact Bone

Compact Bone

Covered in PERIOSTEUM (connective tissue)

At the joints

Periosteum is complete everywhere except

LONG BONE Characteristics

• Compact bone covers the outer layer

• thickness varies (thicker=more stress)

• 2 ends

• Osteons are PARALLEL to long axis of bone

Periosteum

Covers the OUTER surface

Periosteum Characteristics

• Protects bone from tissues

• Bone growth/repair

Endosteum Characteristics

• found WITHIN bone lining (medullary cavity)

• incomplete layer= one cell layer thick

• Osteoprogenitor cells

• lines inner of central/perforating canals

• Active during bone GROWTH (and repair kinda)

Mesenchyme and Cartilage

Embryonic development bone replaces BOTH

Ossification

Replacement of tissue with bone

Calcification

Deposition of CALCIUM SALTS in tissue

Two forms of Ossification

Intramembranous & Endochondral Ossification

Epiphyseal Closure

Stops bone growth (Hormones also determine growth b/w sexes)

Appositional Bone Growth

• Bones continue to grow

• Stem cells → Osteoblasts → +ADD bone matrix

Sets of blood vessels that develop in long bones

• Nutrient Artery & Vein

• Metaphyseal vessels (supply blood in bone)

• Epiphyseal vessels (supply osseus tissue & medullary cavity)

• Periosteal vessels (Supply superficial osteons of shaft)

Factors that Regulate Bone Growth

Minerals, Vitamin A & C & D, Calcitriol, and Parathyroid Hormones

OsteoBLAST Activity

Vitamin A stimulates

Collagen synthesis and Osteoblast differentiation

Vitamin C is required for

Bone growth occurs

When osteoBLAST activity OUTNUMBERS osteoCLAST activity…

1/5

How much of the skeletal structure is replaced each year

206

Human Skeleton has around ____ Bones

• sutural

• pneumatized

• short

• long

• irregular

• flat

• sesamoid

7 groups/types of bones

Osteocyte

Mature bone cells that “live“ in pits called Lacunae

Stratum Granulosum

Layer of skin that produces a substance that prevents water loss and is considered last “living“ skin layer

OsteoCLASTS

• Bone cells that secrete acid & enzymes

• Responsible for Osteolysis

Spongy Bone

Bone arranged into parallel structs/plates called trabeculae

Stratum Lucidum

Thin skin lacks the ____ layer

Sutural Bones

Small, Flat bones that are found between the skull bones are ____

Epiphyseal Plate

The “end cap“ of a bone that “closes“ when bone growth stops

Ans. Appositional Growth

Q. Once the length of bone is set it continues to grow

2/3

Calcium Phosphate accounts for ____ of bone weight

Bone to resist compression

Calcium HYDROXIDE reacts with → Calcium PHOSPHATE it forms Hydroxyapatite crystals that allow ______

Canaliculi

_____ radiate thru the matrix interconnecting the LACUNAE

OsteoBLAST Characteristics

• CUBOIDAL cell

• Found in single layer in inner/outer surface of bone

• Produce bone (Osteogenesis)

Bones of the skull, Thorax (chest region), & Vertebral column

Axial skeleton & Longitudinal Axis consist of

80

There are _____ Bones in the Axial Skeleton

22 (6 Auditory ossicles, 1 Hyoid)

There are _____ Skull bones

24

Vertebral Column has _____ bones

24 ribs, 1 sternum

Thoracic Cage has ____

Cranium

Surrounds and protects the brain

Facial bones

Attachment for facial muscles

Nasal Complex

Consists of bones/cartilage that enclose nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses

Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, & Maxilla

• Air filled chambers

• produce mucus

• resonate when sound made

• Lighten skull

Paranasal Sinuses

Vertebral column functions

• support head weight

• protects spinal cord

• maintains upright posture

5 Sections

• Cervical (7)

• Thoracic (12)

• Lumbar (5)

• Sacral (5)

• Coccygeal (3-5)

Vertebral column is separated into

The Atlas (C1)

Articulates w/eh occipital condyles to support skull

T1-T10

Contain transverse coastal facets for articulation w/the ribs

Sacrum

The _____ is the Fused components of 5 sacral vertebrae

• Protects reproductive, digestive, & excretory organs

Thoracic Cage Function

1. Protects Heart/Lungs/Thymus/Other in thoracic cavity

2. Attachment pt. for muscles in

   • breathing

   • Posture

   • Movement of pectoral girdle

12

• first 7 = TRUE Ribs

• Pairs 8-12 = FALSE Ribs

There are _____ Pairs of Ribs

3 Parts

• Manubrium

• Body

• Xiphoid Process

Sternum is divided into ____

Appendicular Skeleton

Consists of Upper/Lower limbs & Girdles

Contraction of the muscles

• Bones store majority of Ca in body

Ca (Calcium) is essential for

Pectoral Girdle

Composed of SCAPULA & CLAVICLE

Upper Limbs

Consists of Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Hands bones

Pelvic Girdle

• Support/Protect Lover viscera

• Large bcuz supports weight of body

Consists of TWO Hip bones

Lower Limbs

The ____ Consists of

• Femur

• Patella

• Tibia

• Fibula

• Feet Bones

Joints/ Articulations

Junctions b/w 2+ Bones are ____

Histological Structure OR Range of Motion

Joints are classified by their

Range of Motion 3 sections

1. Immovable joints - Synarthrosis

2. Slightly Moveable joints - Amphiarthrosis

3. Freely Moveable Joints - Diarthrosis

Amphiarthroses

• Motion is limited

• bones are farther apart than at Synarthrosis

DIARTHROSIS Characteristics (Synovial Joints)

• Specialized for MOVEMENT (Freely moveable)

• Bony Surfaces, covered by ARTICULAR Cartilage

  • Bones don’t touch

  • Cartilage=shock absorber

  • reduces FRICTION within joint

• Usually at ENDS of LONG Bones

*Synovial Fluid = Nature’s DW-40 *

Diarthrosis

Planes of movement for ______

• Monoaxial: Movement in one plane (elbow, ankle)

• Biaxial: Movement in 2 planes (ribs, waist)

• Triaxial: Movement in 3 planes (shoulder, hip)

Joint Capsule OR ARTICULAR CAPSULE

Synovial joint surrounded by a

Regularly arranged CONNECTIVE TISSUE & inner Synovial MEMBRANE

Joint Capsule/Articular Capsule’s DENSE outer layer is

Synovial Fluid Functions

• Lubricates the joint

• Nutrient Distribution

• Shock Absorbtion

FIXED Anatomical point

Movement based on relationship of movement from

Ex. of Angular Motion

Movement of the arm in relation to the shoulder

Angular Motion

• Abduction/Adduction

• Flexion/Extension

Circumduction

Movement of arm/leg in a circle

Flexion Defin.

Movement in the Anterior-Posterior plane that DECREASES the angle b/w the bones

Extension Defin.

In the same plane but INCREASES the angle b/w the bones

ABDuction Defin.

Movement AWAY from the LONGITUDINAL axis of body’s Frontal Plane

ADDuction Defin.

Moving back TOWARD the longitudinal Axis

Hyperextension

Any movement where the limb is extended beyond normal limits

• Results in injury

• Prevented by: Ligaments, Tendons, Muscles that surround the joint

Internal/Medial Rotation

When limb rotates INWARD (toward anterior surface)

External/Lateral Rotation

When limb rotates OUTWARD

Pronation

When the hand faces away from the FRONTAL plane

Supination

When the hand is turned to face the ANTERIOR plane

SUTURE Synarthroses Characteristics

• Synarthrotic joint (Immovable joint)

• B/w bones of skull

• Bones interlocked/bound

GOMPHOSIS Synarthroses Characteristics

• Synarthrotic joint (Immovable joint)

• Binds teeth to bony sockets

• Fibrous connection is periodontal

SYNDESMOSIS Amphiarthrosis Characteristics

• Amphiarthroses joint (Limited movement joint)

• FIBROUS

• Bones connected by ligament

• Ex. Distal joint b/w the tibia & fibula

SYMPHYSIS Amphiarthrosis Characteristics

• Amphiarthroses joint (Limited movement joint)

• CARTILAGINOUS

• Two bones connected by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage

• Ex. The joint connecting both Os Coxae

SKIN, HAIR, GLANDS, & NAILS

Integument system is composed of

• Protective barrier

• Sensory provides info from outside world

• Helps w/Osmotic & thermoregulation

• Produces VITAMIN D3

• Aids in immune response (guards from bacteria/fungi)

Integument system serves as

Entire body surface, including ANTERIOR SURFACE OF EYES and TYMPANIC Membrane

Integument system covers

• Nostrils

• Lips

• Anus

• Urethral

• Vaginal

  openings

Integument system intersects w/MUCOUS MEMBRANES at

Different body functions

Integument system has MULTIPLE tissue types because of

• Papillary - Nourishes and supports Epidermis

• Reticular - Restricts pathogens going in Epidermis, Lipid storage, Attaches to deeper skin, SENOSRY RECEPTORS detect, Blood vessels assist in THERMOREGULATION

The DERMIS layer is split into two sections the ____ and ____

Keratin

Nails and Hair both made of

Squamous Epithelium

Epidermis consists of

4 Cell types in the Epithelium

• Keratinocytes

• Melanocytes (produces melanin)

• Merkel Cells

• Langerhans Cells (Helps keep cells healthy)

THIN skin

Majority of body is covered by

THIN Skin Characteristics

• Putter stratum corneum is only few cells thick

• Only 4 layers (LACKS Stratum Lucidum)

• 0.08mm thick

Palms of Hand & Pads of Feet

Thick skin covers the

THICK Skin Characteristics

• Contains 5 layers of “skin“

• Stratum corneum may have 30+ layers of cells

• Can be 6x thicker than THIN skin

Stratum GRANULOSUM & SPINOSUM

The only LIVING layers of the Epidermis are

Stratum BASALE Characteristics

• Deepest layer of Epidermis

• Single layer of cells

• Large/BASAL cells dominate (undergo mitosis)

• Contain MELANOCYTES

• Have MERKEL cells

  • Found where SENSORY PERCEPTION is req (fingertips, lips, etc)

• DMG ABOVE this layer is eay fix

• DMG BELOW is hard fix

Stratum SPINOSUM Characteristics

• Several cells thick

• At deepest layer, its MITOTICALLY active

• Keratinocytes have fibers (TONOFIBRILS)

  • Strengthen cell junctions

• Melanocytes & Langerhans common

• Langerhans protect against pathogens

Stratum GRANULOSUM Characteristics

• Proteins

• Superficial layer (cells have NUCLEUS)

• Cells mass-producing KERATOHYALIN & KERATIN

• Lipid producing organelles (coating)

Stratum CORNEUM Characteristics

• MOST superficial layer of epidermis

• Flattened dead cells w/thickened Plasma MEMBRANES (Lack NUCLEUS)

• KERATINIZED layer

• takes 15-30 days for cell to reach here (started from basale)

Capillary BLOOD FLOW (temporary flushing) & PIGMENTS (permanent)

Skin color results from