ap psych - unit 2

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Psychology

99 Terms

1

brain stem

medulla, pons, reticular formation, cerebelllum, thalamus

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medulla

functions: breathing + beating heart + other autonomic functions

<p>functions: breathing + beating heart + other autonomic functions</p>
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pons

has nerves that help with voluntary movements and speech

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reticular formation

nerve network that travels through the brainstem into thalamus + involved with arousal, alertness, and sleep-wake cycles

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5

what is the function of the reticular formation?

controls arousal + filters incoming sensory stimuli

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thalamus

relay station for incoming + outgoing sensory information sends sensory signals to the correct part of the brain

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cerebellum

processing sensory input, coordination/movement, and balance

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limbic system

regulates emotion, learning, and memory

<p>regulates emotion, learning, and memory</p>
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amydala

linked to emotion, fear, aggression starts the flight-or-fight response in SNS

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10

hypothalamus

controls hunger, thirst, sex, linked to emotion/reward, and governs the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

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hippocampus

turns short-term memories into long-term ones

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frontal lobes

decision making, analysis, judgment, planning, and processing of new memories

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parietal lobes

spatial reasoning + processes sense of touch and assembles input from other senses into a form you can use

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temporal lobes

processing auditory information and the encoding of memory

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occipital lobes

processing vision

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16

motor cortex

controls voluntary movements

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somatosensory cortex

registers information from the skin's senses and body movements

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broca's area

language center in left frontal lobes involved in speaking + writing

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wernicke's area

language center in left temporal lobe involved in hearing + reading

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left hemisphere

  • focused on logic + language

  • controls right side of the body

  • receives sensory input from body's right side

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right hemisphere

  • focused on creativity + arts + imagination

  • controls left side of the body

  • receives sensory input from body's left side

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22

split-brain

operations in which the corpus callosum must be cut the two hemisphere cannot communicate with each other anymore

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wernicke’s aphasia

inability to understand sounds or create meaningful speech after damage to Wernicke’s area

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cerebellum

manages coordination and balance + things that require practicing to improve (helps body to remember those actions)

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prefontal lobe

specializes in foresight, judgement, and memory

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motor cortex

area of the frontal lobe that controls voluntary movement

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visual cortex

area of the occipital lobe that receives visual input and sends it to other visual areas in the cortex

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angular gyrus

allows people to read words on paper and transfers that information as an auditory form

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auditory cortex

area of the temporal lobe that processes hearing

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30

amygdala

emotional regulation + fear

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nucleus accumbens

forebrain area that functions in the pleasure/reward circuit

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basal ganglia

neurons cells that are involved w/ voluntary movements

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brain lateralization

some functions are controlled or more influenced by one hemisphere of the brain than the other

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34

neuroimaging technique

tools that help researchers and doctors understand different aspects of the human brain

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35

eeg (electroencephalogy)

studying brain waves by recording the brain’s electrical activity by placing electrodes on the scalp

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ct (computed tomography)

a series of x-rays that produces detailed images of the body

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pet (positron emission tomography)

imaging technique that uses radioactive glucose to evaluate the brains activity and blood flow

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MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

an imaging technique that uses magnetic impulses to create detailed images of the body

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FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

a method to image brain activity using an MRI machine - brain activity is measured by the blood flow and oxygen flow that is imaged in different parts of the brain

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40

lesion studies

studies of the brain where specific parts of the brain are destroyed and the results are interpreted to understand brain activity

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41

pituitary gland

regulates growth and controls other glands via hormones

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pineal gland

controls production of melatonin (what makes you sleep)

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43

thyroid gland

regulates metabolism; produces hormone that controls levels of calcium +

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mirror neurons

type of neuron that makes people mirror the actions of others or themselves

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45

explain a neuron’s ions

a neuron has a positively charged inside and a negatively charged outside at rest

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46

explain polarization

neurons when at rest are polarized; the outside of the neuron is more positive than the inside of the neuron

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47

explain depolarization

when the threshold is met, depolarization occurs and positive ions are able to enter the neuron which causes for action potential to occur

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48

threshold

the minimum amount of stimulus needed for an action potential to occur

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repolarization

the movement of positive ions which leave the neuron so that the cell can return to its resting state

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refractory period

a short time when no other action potentials can occur until the axon is back in its resting state

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electrical synapses

sends messages quickly and immediately; there is no space between the neurons

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chemical synapses

messages take longer to send as neurons use neurotransmitters to send neural signals

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acetylcholine (ach)

enables muscle action, learning, and memory

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dopamine

influences learning, attention, and emotion

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serotonin

impacts hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood

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too much serotonin can cause…?

OCD, anxiety, and headaches

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endorphins

influences the amount of pain/pleasure the body feels

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epinephrine/adrenaline

helps w/ the fight-or-fight response

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norepinepherine/noradrenaline

helps w/ the fight-or-flight response, alertness, + arousal

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glutamate

involves w/ excitatory messages and helps w/ long-term memory and learning

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GABA

helps w/ sleep and movement; slows down nervous system

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excitatory neurotransmitter

depolarizes neurons; increases chance of action potential

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inhibitory neurotransmitter

decreases the chance of action potential

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hyperpolarization

inside of the neuron becomes more negative which prevents threshold from being reached

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agonists

molecules that mimic neurotransmitters and increase their effectiveness (either by increasing the production or preventing reuptake from happening)

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antagonists

molecules that decreases or block the effects of a neurotransmitter

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neuroplasticity

neuron’s ability to adapt to damage + environmental changes

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neurogenesis

the process that causes for new neurons to be formed

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psychoactive drugs

chemical substances that alter perceptions and emotions

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depressants

drugs that depress/reduce neural activity and slow reaction times

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opioids

depressant drugs that are pain relievers

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stimulants

drugs that promote neural activity

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hallucinogens

drugs that affect a person’s sensations w/o the use of stimuli

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74

restoration theory

sleep restores people’s energy that is depleted during the day

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psychodynamic theory

dreams fulfill unconscious wishes

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informative processing theory

sleeping allows individuals to build and restore memories

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77

describe stage 1 of the sleep cycle

non-rapid eye movement; mind starts to relax + easy to wake up from

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hypnagogic sensations

people think they are experiencing things in real-life when they are not, they are drowsy

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beta waves

low amplitude brain waves hat show that someone is awake/alert

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activation-synthesis theory

dreams are the body’s way of making sense of random neural activity

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cognitive theory

dreaming can help with problem solving and creativity

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pineal gland

products melatonin + regulates circadian rhythm

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83

hypothalamus

controls pituitary gland and releases hormones

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84

parathyroids

regulates levels of calcium in the blood

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85

adrenal glands

related to the fight-or-flight response; releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

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pancreas

regulates level of blood sugar via insulin and helps with digestion

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testes + ovaries

releases sex hormones to promote growth

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central nervous system (brain + spinal cord)

brain’s neurons work in neural networks that sends messages quickly

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peripheral nervous system

connects sensory and motor neurons to cns

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somatic nervous system

controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

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autonomic nervous system

controls automatic functions of internal organs

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sympathetic nervous system

body’s arousal system and causes fight-or-flight

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parasympathetic nervous system

returns body to calm, relaxed state after fight-or-flight response

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94

priming

the effect in which a stimulus facilitates/inhibits the problem processing of the same/similar stimuli

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95

describe stage 2 of the sleep cycle

individual is no longer easily awakened and experiences sleep spindles (bursts of neural activity)

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96

describe stage 3 of the sleep cycle

body is very relaxed + usually when sleepwalking, sleeptalking, and night terrors happen

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97

REM

dreams happen, rapid eye movement, brain shows activity, muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active

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98

sleep terrors/night terrors

  • people randomly wake up in the middle of the night feeling intense pain/fear

  • they have an increased heart rate and sweat

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sleep apnea

when people randomly stop breathing in the middle of their sleep

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