AENEID!

summarise book 1 of the Aeneid

-Proem is an invocation to the muse per Homeric custom

‘I sing of arms and men’

>like the Iliad the first word establishes the central theme

>it appears contradictory that this puis man would face the rwrath of the gods (establishes juxtaposition between furor and pietàs)

>she hates them because she loves carthage

>upset about the trojan war there still rankled deep in her heart the judgement of Paris

>the fury at the honours done to Ganymede shes being cheated on with a Trojan youth

-Juno sees the Trojans travelling from Sicily and recruits Aeolus to create a storm which then affects Aeneas and his men

>offers him a nymph for his cooperation

-Aeneas laments that he did not die at Troy

>our epic hero appears winy and overly negative, wishing he was dead, doesnt feel homeric who often seek death to enhance glory

-Neptune sees the storm and calms the seas

>the civil war is reflected in the destruction (even nature in storms is destructive)

>the storm is symbolic of Juno’s fur or

As when disorder arises among the people of a great city [...] a man who has some weight among them

• civil war similie, Augustus positioned as a calming figure like the god kings

• Suggests pietàs can calm furor

-Venus (parallels Thetis) talks with Jupiter and Jupiter reveals that fate assures that Aeneas will found Rome

• Success in warfare

• On them i impose no limits of time or place. I have given them an empire that will know no end -optimistic attitude imperium sine fire 

• Wars will be laid aside and the years of bitterness will be over - Pax Augustus, a return to the countryside Virgil loves

• Gates of War an actual place which signalled war, Augustus shuts them three times

-Aeneas' men arrive at Carthage

>he displays a cartographic impulse, climbing a rock

>he hunts 7 stag for his men-providing for them

He showed them the face of hope and kept his misery deep in his heart…Who loved his men, mourn himself the loss of eager…

• HARVARD underneath war leads to mourning, regardless of outward glory

• Consistent theme of Aeneas- he is outwardly supportive of living men 

• public glory v private suffering

-Aeneas and disguised Venus meet and she tells him to go to Dido and spend some time there before pursuing the fate which he is assured

• Homeric allusion- Ody 7 has Athene disguised interacting with Ody

• she is ACTING and wearing BOOTS (Greek actors wore kothornoi)> subtle theatrical allusion, again setting up Greek tragedy

• She tells him the men aren’t drowned (immediately forgets)

-Aeneas meets Dido (was disguised in mist and made hot) and she welcomes him and his men to stay in Carthage

• Her people are working as busily as bees (their rising walls evoke jealousy from Aeneas)

  Reminds of Aeneas- expelled from country, loses marital partner, sails, found respective race

• They meet in the temple (whose frieze he construes as conveying sympathy for the Trojan plight- could be misreading- as Juno’s temple it may convey the triumph of the Greeks)

• ‘She was like Diana’ establishes her chastity and sets up an incestuous dynamic

• Work ethic will move towards her sexual dynamic

-Venus sends Cupid to poison Dido into loving Aeneas

Why does Juno hate the Trojans

>she hates them because she loves carthage

>upset about the trojan war there still rankled deep in her heart the judgement of Paris

>the fury at the honours done to Ganymede shes being cheated on with a Trojan youth

summarise book 2 of the Aeneid

SUMMARY

-flashback- meta device 

>Aeneas is differently characterised, here he is shown to be obsessed with Homeric value

>There is a tension between the archetypal Homeric hero and his families desire

>he collectivises the Trojans to deemphasises his role (we were all so silly)

>rebirth and renewal (focus on womb of horse, Troy must burn so Rome must live)

>BOOK 8 IS THE OPPOSITE, about the birth of Rome SYMMETRY (bk 2 looks backwards bk 8 looks foreword) 

DETAIL

-Aeneas recounts the fall of Troy to the Carthaginians

-Laocoon tells them not to trust the horse, explaining it might be a Greek trick, he throws his spear into the horse, and the noise reveals that it's hollow inside.

-The Trojans are initially mistrustful of the Sinon but are convinced and unbind him

• Sinon claims his bff was put to death wrongfully by Ulixses, Sinon spoke out and became his next target SUPPOSEDLY and fled upon becoming a human sacrifice

• Truth is hiding in plain sight- goes on about how Ulixses can never be relied upon and is so tricky 

• Sinon reinterprets the story of Ulixses stealing Athene’s statue> talks of the Greeks as sacreligious and impious 

• Offers incentive to them- if they take it inside they will conquer Greeks and those silly Greeks didn’t make it big enough

-Laocoon slays a bull at the altar. Two monstrous, red-crested sea serpents swim towards the shore. They strangle Laocoon's two sons, then Laocoon

• The terrified Trojans interpret this as punishment for Laocoon's damaging the horse with his spear, and immediately bring the horse into the city

• Though the Trojan seer Cassandra tries to alert the Trojans to their impending doom, the Trojans don't listen to her and party

• Two snakes represent Menelaus + Agammemnon (atreides)- shelters under temple of Athena

• Scale of the snakes is emphasised coil upon measureless coil…huge spirals

• He has become a sacrifice, positions perverted, was sacrificing a bull now compared to a bull 

• His young sons are “prefiguring innocent Trojans” the atreides will do the same

-As Aeneas sleeps, hector appears to him in a dream to warn him of the attack and to tell him to seek to found a new city

-Aeneas goes out with men to fight the Greeks and manages to kill several

“Let us die” (impassioned speech about glory at any cost) compared to wolves (hunger for battle) and drives his men mad- he ignores Hector’s command

>they dress as Greeks (problematic)

>furor and erotic love is linked in Cassandra’s husband campaign for her

>Panthus is described as clearly pious and yet has been abandoned

-Polites and Priam are killed by Neoptolemus in front of their family

• Priam represents Troy

• Priam attempted to fight even though Hecuba, his wife, begged him to stay with her in safety

• Priam rebukes Neoptlolimus for killing his son, and, despite his weakness, throws his spear at Pyrrhus.

• Pietas is dead- Hecuba claims they can be safe by the alter or die together, moment of familial love

• Ante Ora Parentum

>Neoptlomius

• His name means new war

• He doesn’t obey the rules of war, breaking Homeric codes (compared to a snake that has been reborn)

• The horse is birthing new soldiers

-wishes to kill Helen

• The finest example of his Kleos and the dangers of being overcome by furor

• contrasts himself to Helen as either she gets kleos by returning home or i do by killing her- not shared

-Venus appears to Aeneas as herself and shows him that the gods are destroying Troy as well. She tells him he must leave or he and his family will die

• Has to be reminded of his duty to his family- pietàs doesn’t come naturally, he must be led

• She shows Aeneas the Gods destroying the city

• Always the case that he views the Gods as against him- pique instance of both this and the opposite

• the gods are ‘the enemy of Troy’ 

• Venus leads Aeneas home- more

-Aeneas takes her advice and goes back to his family home

>he relapses into furor when Anchises wishes to die fighting

>Creusa redirects his duty to the family (reminding them that they will all be dead)

>Iulus head ceramoniously 'catches on fire' as it did with Servius tullius, king of Rome to signal him as the next king

>thunder and a comet are sent to reassure Anchises

>Aeneas is too pius to touch the penates

-Aeneas carries Anchises and holds Ascanias’ hand

• Virgil is creating an image his father son connection (scared for his father- cowardly?)(panicked by fathers words- not especially heroic)

• Image of the 3 generations- patriarchal emphasis

• Frequent exclusion of women- she is kept out because she is not important, she walks at a distance (clear image of a patriarchal unit)

-As they flee, Aeneas loses Creusa and then her ghost appears to him telling him that fate has found him a new wife so he should not mourn her, only love their son and found Rome

• Creusa is a tragic device (deux ex machina- wraps up her plot tells him to remarry, happy to not be a sex slave)

• She is the ideal roman wife, self negating/abnegating, she recognises that she is irrelevant 

• prophecy- about the greatness of Rome, gives him specific directions

• Though he is a stoic man he struggles to reply (cant express emotions)

Book 3 summary

-The Trojans build a fleet and set off to Thrace (friendly)

-Aeneas lands and prepares to sacrifice a steer. But when he uproots a plant to shade the altar, the stem bleeds. Frightened, he pulls up another plant, which also bleeds. He prays and pulls up a third plant, which groans and speaks, introducing itself as Polydorus.

>Priam sent him to Thrace so that he would be safe if Troy lost the war but, as the Thracian king killed him and took his gold.

>Aeneas gives Polydorus a proper funeral before setting sail again.

-The Trojans sail to an island blessed by Apollo, to a city ruled by Anius, a friend of Anchises.

>Apollo speaks to him, telling him to find the land of his forefathers and return to his "ancient mother,"

>it's Aeneas's pious prayers that lead to this revelation. Apollo isn't Aeneas's guardian, but he'll help if asked correctly.

-Anchises believes he means Crete but the household gods appear to Aeneas in a dream, and tell him that their homeland is actually the distant Italy (Cassandra once said the same thing.)

-come across Harpies, who reveal that they won't manage to establish their city in Italy before they undergo a famine so great they will try to eat their tables.

>The Trojans DID steal, and they did try to take over Harpy territory.

-They go to the city of Andromache and Helenus

>Andromache explains that she was the slave of Neoptolemus until he was killed and Helenus inherited his territory

>offers a kind of preview of what Aeneas hopes to build in Italy.

-Aeneas asks Helenus what the future holds and describes how to reach Italy, and mentions that Aeneas must first descend to the underworld.

>When Aeneas finds a white sow and piglets under an oak tree, he will have reached his final destination.

-a Greek man, Achemenides, begs the Trojans to take him away from the Cyclops island.

>the Trojans are willing to show him hospitality. The scene echoes the Sinon incident

-In Sicily, Anchises dies. Aeneas mourns that his father survived such great risks only to die.

summarise book 4 of the Aeneid

-Dido continues to suffer under Venus and cupids curse

Love's deadly wound, feeding it with her blood and being consumed by its hidden fire

• Image of Love as a parasite, feeding on her

• Destructive images

• Reminds of Medea in Apollonius’ play, setting her up in the same tragic mold

-Dido's sister Anna encourages a marriage between the two- saying that Trojans and carthaginians could be very strong together

>Anna functions as a nurse, traditional tragic archetype

• It could be a sign from the Gods go for it (maybe Juno planned it- ironic!! Quite the opposite, she ship wrecked him)

• Sycheas is not concerned

• Have some children

• Carthage will be prosperous (IRONIC the Trojans will lead to their destruction so they are safe when there)

• We are surrounded by hostile enemies

>Incestuous relationship hinted at- Dido compared to Diana, Aeneas to Apollo- hints that this relationship wont work

>Dido is compared to a doe shot with an arrow by a hunter

• Reminds of how Cupid has metaphorically shot her with the arrow of love

>image of her clinging to his sofa

• Obsession emphasised in the ridiculousness of her clinging to his sofa, hallucinating his presence, asking Ascanias to stay behind because they look similar

-Carthage stops developing and "the towers she was building ceased to rise"

• Romantic love is destabilising for society- Carthage stops being productive

-Venus and Juno talk and decide to have Aeneas and Dido get married in a cave.

• Symptomatic of divine squabbling (Longinus, he is following in Homer’s footsteps making the Gods seem petty)

• There was a concept of a common marriage in which just by living together makes them married BUT due to their status it should be formalised

• Aeneas isn't blameless—and perhaps he's even worse, since no god enchanted him, and he knows this isn't his fate, but has abandoned his people in favor of love.

>Juno does this in the hopes that Aeneas will not want to leave carthage

• Indicative of Juno’s selfishness- though Dido has centred the city on her worship Juno doesn’t care for Dido’s overall wellbeing (means to delay the roman project)

>Venus does this to ensure that Dido will remain faithful to Aeneas

• Venus realises this is a trick and decides to double cross her- she goes along with her plan knowing she will ultimately get her way (he’ll be safe for a bit then leave, Carthage wont live forever)

-Rumour flies about "swiftest of all the evils in the world," spreads gossip about Dido and Aeneas's shameful union around the entire region, and about how they've forgotten their leadership roles, shirked their duties, and have spent the whole winter together.

>when we see Aeneas he is busy but it is perverted (laying the foundations of DIDO’s citadel)

-Iarbas(spurned by Dido_ hears the rumors and, jealous, appeals to his father Jove to intervene

• criticizes Aeneas for becoming like a woman, perfuming himself and letting his men become "eunuchs." (wearing the maonian bonnet)

• Introduces the idea of Trojan stereotypes- eastern effeminate- doesn’t work (not how romans think of themselves- hard workers) and refers to him as a second paris (paradoxical stereotype, effeminate and yet gets women? Same stereotype held by Turnus

-Jupiter sends Mercury to tell Aeneas to leave Carthage as it is not his destiny to stay there

• Description of Mercury flying around Atlas takes us out of the narrative and shows off his poetic skills

>Mercury reminds Aeneas that he must found Rome to give his son the kingdom he is owed

>Mercury speech ‘women are unstable creatures’ (impedimenta to the roman project)

-Dido finds out Aeneas is leaving and is upset

• She grows paranoid- she is right but doesnt know it

• The bacchant similise marks the point where she becomes possessed and obsessed (Bacchae ref- GT allusions continue- tear apart male relations, becomes threatening)

>Dido stay with me speech

• Invective (insults) you traitor, you are heartless, guest is the only name i can call my husband 

• Logical argument stormy seas (you wouldn’t even leave for Troy in this weather why for anywhere else)

• Argument of pathos if only you had given me a child, my own Tyrians are against me (only indication is the rumour), open for attack from others (og claim she was an univira, not true anymore) ‘have thrown away the good name i once had’

• Threat arguments Pygmalian will crush my city, Iarbus drag me off in chains

>Aeneas responds

• He’s so nervous that he didn’t move his eyes and struggled to fight down anguish (bad at expressing emotions)

• It’s not you its me- ‘list a multitude of kindness you have done me’ you’re lovely, i have a duty to my nation

• We weren’t even married- i was always going to tell you besides weren’t even married

• Page “Aeneas is despicable” and describes the speech as the “cold and formal rhetoric of an attorney”

-Dido begs Aeneas to stay saying he is all she has left as her reputation has been destroyed ("because of you I have lost all conscience and self-respect and have thrown away the good name I once had, my only hope of reaching the stars")

• she cries, begs Aeneas as a suppliant falling to her knees, her pride submits to her love

>Goes to the altars to beg the Gods but everything is against her

• the wine turns filthy the milk turns black- offerings are corrupted sign that he’s leaving

• OR could be a hallucination like earlier as ‘no one else saw it’ + Later hears her husband talking through his statue

>Compared to Pentheus when he is hallucinating under D’s spell (uses explicit Euripides language),

• Orestes also driven mad by furies- emphasised by the unnecessary addition of the phrase ‘across the stage’, she is no being compared to mythical figures but tragic figures

-Aeneas tells her that if fate allowed he would not go looking for Rome but he doesn't control his destiny

-Dido continues her decent into madness and plots her suicide once Aeneas leaves. Before she dies she curses Aeneas' decendants to go to war with hers (Punic wars)

• Threatenes to pull him apart (Sparagmos)

• Prays to Juno (enemy of Aeneas), Hecate (chthonic and witchcraft), Furies (revenge), Sun (Medea chariot) for him to go to war- he does

• He does die quickly by drowning as she asks

• Refs Hannibal, hopes for someone to harass Romans by praying for reference

>Hysteria spreads from the palace to the people to the cosmos- cosmological image as the heavens reflect the mourning

• Anna wishes to be with her as Ismene did in Antigone 

• She violates fate Iris needs to intervene, cutting her mortal string to allow her death (Hippolytus needs Diana to help him die)

How does Anna encourage Dido to pursue Aeneas

>Anna functions as a nurse, traditional tragic archetype

• It could be a sign from the Gods go for it (maybe Juno planned it- ironic!! Quite the opposite, she ship wrecked him)

• Sycheas is not concerned

• Have some children

• Carthage will be prosperous (IRONIC the Trojans will lead to their destruction so they are safe when there)

• We are surrounded by hostile enemies

Book 5 summary

-the navigator Palinurus advises landing. Aeneas knows of a friendly land nearby in Sicily

>festival and various games to celebrate the memory of Anchises

>This shows Aeneas's morale-boosting leadership, but also highlights his unsympathetic blindness to the pain he's just caused.

-Juno disguises herself as an old Trojan woman and comes to the Trojan women to stir up trouble.

>She complains about the seven years of traveling, wishes the Trojan ships would go up in flames, and exclaims that Cassandra, in a dream, told her that Acestes's land is the Trojans' destined home. Finally, she throws a torch at the Trojans' ships.

>The women's desperation brings to life the underlying pain and sadness of the Trojans' long wandering without a home. Though Aeneas can keep the men's morale high, the women can't be distracted by games.

-Aeneas prays to Jove to either stop the fire or to kill him now with lightning.

>A huge rainstorm rolls in, and all but four of the ships are saved.

-But before heading for Italy, Anchises says, Aeneas should go to visit him in the Underworld, with the aid of the Sibyl of Cumae.

-Palinurus, the skilled navigator, leads the Trojan fleet. At night, the god of Sleep comes to Palinurus and forces him to doze off.

>Palinurus falls overboard and calls for help, but no one hears. Eventually, Aeneas takes over steering, and grieves for his friend, but blames him for putting too much trust in the quiet sea.

>Aeneas wakes up and drives his ship towards the future (ship metaphor for the state)

summarise book 6 of the Aeneid

SUMMARY

The Odyssey Bk 11 has a katabasis- there are none in the illiad- though Aeneas actually enters

Is a turning point for Aeneid- years of suffering- he comes face to face with his demons and starts to come to terms with it

>he leaves like a new man

• Tragic that the Trojans want to hang- lack of connection like with Dido (who doesn’t want to connect) as with the Trojans (who he doesn’t have the time to) or his father (who he can’t grasp)- the underworld is a place without physical and metaphysical/emotional connection

• By going into the underworld this is the section of him going into his past (emotional trauma from Dido and Trojans) however guilty he feels for them he is learning that the past cant be altered- stoic approach, sad that he is moulded into an instrument of the gods

DETAIL

-Aeneas seeks the Sibyl to find a way into the underworld to speak with his father who visited him in a vision

• Aeneas goes off to do his prayers immediately after arriving on Cumae

• His men do typical coloniser things (get food, find fire, etc)

-The sibyl tells Aeneas he must find the golden branch to get entry into the underworld (and bury the unburied, they assume it is Palinurus but it is Misenus, trumpet master)

• Palinarus has a bathetic death (also like Misenus who dies watery and Odysseus who floats for three days) which indicates that the Roman natives are Hostile (first victim to the Italians) and asks to come with him

• the elaborate buriel he recieves is indicitive of Aeneas’ pietas

-Aeneas reflects on other great heroes who have entered the underworld- Orpheus, Pollux, Theseus, Hercules

-Venus sends doves to guide Aeneas to the golden branch

• Divine intervention- he says he wishes the bough would just appear, two doves appear and guide him to the bough, even the birds slow down to let him catch up

• Harvard- Its supposed to melt off if he is worthy- why does it break off at all?

• moral complexity or moral ambiguities of Aeneas

• Cunctantem when it resists (introduces a sense of ambiguity)

-Aeneas sacrifices to the underworld goddesses to gain safe entry

• he doesnt sacrifice four black cattle as asked- even sacrifices a lamb

-Aeneas draws his sword as he enters the underworld with the sibyl

• Aeneas as action hero- though being led- he has his sword drawn (though they are in truth apperitions)

-He witnesses the souls desparation

• Souls trying to go from land to land like the birds

• People need not only to be given money but burial (pietàs, roman expectation)

-Interacts with Charron

• Charron is very wary of any figure going to the underworld post Theseus and Pirithous to steal Persephone, Herc to steal Cerberus

• Dismissive of Aeneas who is a great hero- whoever you are

• Aeneas comically described as ‘huge’ he has a corporeal form ( boat only meant to carry spirits and half submerges) not very dignified

• The Sibyl puts Cerberus to sleep with a soporific honey cake- Aeneas does nothing, divine intervention, the sword he carries is useless (earlier he couldn’t have used it on the monsters because they weren’t there) he is heroic and brave but it is useless 

-Aeneas sees Dido but she will not talk to him- he seems upset to see she is dead

• Aeneas weeps and speaks words of love and claims he was driven by the stern authority of the Gods (roles reverse, he now begs for her affection)- like Ajax in the Odyssey ignores him (they fought over armour leading to his suicide)- She is reunited with Sycheus who matches her love with love

• The tragedy of Troy isn’t contained to Bk 2, remnants of his past are seen throughout

-Aeneas sees characters from myths who are being punished for most commonly a lack of piety towards the gods

• Greeks are still terrified of him- impressive, scary warrior

• Deiphobus is the third husband of Helen and killed because of her- Greeks being bad- mutilating him, betraying him

• Sibyl mentions everyone who is divinely punished (Salomonus pretended to be Zeus, Tityos like Prometheus, fratricide, fraud, beat father, people who took up arms against their people- Aeneas doesn’t do it, loves his father and people, he is a great model of a pious roman)

• Roman values established as family, loving brothers, no incest or traitors, pietàs, duty to gods

-Aeneas re-unites with his father in the underworld but he cannot embrace him

• Private voice of suffering- he still cannot connect physically with his father, no success in his private life, despite the effort he has gone to

-Anchises tells Aeneas of Rome's great future and names some of its future heroes

• Ηe gives the 2nd of 3 great prophecies

• (pageant of heroes) points out Aeneas's descendents, who will be great kings in Italy, and eventually in Rome.

• Anchises describes Rome's seven hills, and how it will be blessed above all cities and will rule the world.

• He identifies Augustus Caesar, who will preside over a golden age and describes the greatness of other Roman heroes who will live during Augustus's rule (Romulus, Scipio Africanus (led Rome to victory in the punic wars)

• While other nations make art it is rome’s job to govern them

• Aeneas asks about a particularly beautiful soul, but Anchises mourns that this soul, Marcellus, a promising nephew of Augustus, will only live a short time on Earth.

• Speech ends with declaration that they will spare the lowly and crush the proud

-Aeneas says goodbye and leaves out of the gates of Ivory

• Gate of Horn- true dreams, Gate of Ivory- false dreams

• Puts suspicion of what we see- Harvard thought (or he dreamed it)

• Goes through Ivory, pours scepticism on the vision of glory

• Virgil glosses over certain elements of the Trojan/julean line to make it more appealing

Anchises prophecy

• -Anchises tells Aeneas of Rome's great future and names some of its future heroes

  • Ηe gives the 2nd of 3 great prophecies

  • (pageant of heroes) points out Aeneas's descendents, who will be great kings in Italy, and eventually in Rome.

  • Anchises describes Rome's seven hills, and how it will be blessed above all cities and will rule the world.

  • He identifies Augustus Caesar, who will preside over a golden age and describes the greatness of other Roman heroes who will live during Augustus's rule (Romulus, Scipio Africanus (led Rome to victory in the punic wars)

  • While other nations make art it is rome’s job to govern them

  • Aeneas asks about a particularly beautiful soul, but Anchises mourns that this soul, Marcellus, a promising nephew of Augustus, will only live a short time on Earth.

  • Speech ends with declaration that they will spare the lowly and crush the proud

• Virgil, via Anchises, defines Roman greatness. If we interpret the poem as a glorification of Rome, this is definitely the thesis statement

  >they know how to spare the conquered and vanquish the arrogant—to defeat those who threaten them but to spare them and make them a part of their peaceful empire

• Aeneas learns the full measure of his destiny, allowing him to completely accept and pursue his fate.

• BUT he leaves through the gate of false dreams- Is it simply because Aeneas is actually alive, meaning he's not a true shade, that makes him have to leave through that gate? Or is Virgil making a commentary on the political lies of the Empire, the flaws of empire and colonization, and the prideful exaggerations of Roman identity?

ekphrasis in book 6

• Another instance of Ekphrasis

• Daedalus built the temple- cant bare to depict his son

• Focalisation is used for us to see the urn through Aeneas’ eyes ‘there stands the urn’

• image of the labyrinth is programmatic to the katabasis- it too is dark, underground with a monster in the centre 

• Icarus dies ante ora parentum

• Daedalus is also emotionally constipated (tries to make an Icarus statue but cant) 

• Inability to access loved ones is a pervasive feature of book six

• The ekphrasis is a break from the narrative to show off his poetic ability while establishing pervasive themes

summarise book 7 of the Aeneid

HIGHLIGHTS

-He invokes the muse of love (Erato) signalling this will be based around Aeneas x Lavinia’s love story

>the invocation marks the separation between the odyssey and illiad

DETAIL

-They bury Aeneas’ old nurse + name some lang after her

-The gods are giving him help- Neptune stops him going to Circe

>Aeneas contrasts with Odysseus, being a good leader, stopping them being turned into animals

>also emphasises the transition from Odysseus to illiad

>also is an authorial statement- he isn’t just copying Homer, he is skirting the content as Aeneas skirts the shores but he avoids it

>Circe is a dangerous woman, matching his view

-They’ve arrived in Italy Locus Amoenus

>its beautiful and colourful! Singing birds, yellow sands- sets up our expectation- it is reminiscent of a pastoral idyll

>nationalistic

-Virgil tells us of Aeneas' future bride- Lavinia

>King Latinus is seeking a suitable husband for his daughter, Turnus seems most likely, but fate has delayed the marriage.

>Omen of bees suggests that there will be a stranger (will elevate their race)and army

>Lavinia's hair had set on fire harmlessly (like Ascanias) and she will be long esteemed—but also that a war is on the horizon.

>He sacrifices a hundred sheep. A voice tells him not to marry Lavinia to a Latin. A foreigner will arrive soon, who will lead to a powerful dynasty.

-Aeneas and his men arrive in Italy and fulfil the harpies prophecy by eating their tables

>Ascanias jokes that they are eating their tables (a harpe said they wouldn’t reach it till they ate their tables)

>Anchises predicted the same according to Aeneas which we never saw

>Aeneas sacrifices and honours his father- pious

>plunged into Italy as though it is rome

-Jupiter responds to Aeneas' prayers with three thunderclaps

-Aeneas sends his men to negotiate a friendly co-habitation of Italy with the Italians and Latinus

>(anachronistic references) toga, columns, Janus, the romans loved ancestral statues, ref to Quirinus (which means Roman)

-They exchange gifts- type/standard embassy scene 

>Latinus sends 300 horses, all beautifully dressed

>story of Dardanus being originally from Italy- sense of symmetry

-Juno gets Allecto to break the peace

>concerned about her own power, fears she will be mocked, and irritated at her failure to destroy them (other gods have destroyed whole races)

-Allecto infects Amata with madness so she acts 'bacchant' and takes her daughter to the woods, denying her marriage to anyone but Turnus (claims A is a second paris)

>(chthonic, demon who starts civil wars, another woman)

>women are destructive and hindering/retarding, depicted as primitive and mad, leading

-Allecto infects Turnus and despite his initial rational denial, he is also infected with madness and the desire for war

>Turnus said to be princely, handsome, and brave (archetypal warrior of the Heroic Age, represents individual glory)

>(she comes disguised) Turnus has a similar response Hector has to Andromache when she provides war advice (BK6) (intertextuality) tells her war is man job

>she reveals herself and madedns him, Turnus is described as a steaming pot

-Allecto spreads the scent of a sacred Italian deer to Ascanius' hunting dogs which then lead Ascanius to the deer and he shoots it, angering the Italians

>’begging and pleading’ its like a human, it lives in the bucolic idyll

-The Italian people- encouraged by Turnus' words and Amata's acts of madness become on board with war

>she has riled up the country man/people so they will react upon an inciting incident

>Ascanias is motivated by a love of glory, hasn’t matured from Homeric standard

>Country side is being weaponised (weapons compared to crops, primitive weaponry, used Acorns)- have to dig out their weapons, unused for a while

-Latinus refuses to open the doors of war so Juno opens them for him

>Juno literally bursts open the gates of war (Augustus closes it twice after 200 years of opening Pax Augusta)

-There is a parade of Italian enemies that Aeneas must defeat

>Catalogue of Italian allies reminds of the Pageant of the descendants and provides a sense of scale

>To make them idiosyncratic (different) they all have different weapons

>references Herc’s son, takes us into the world of myth, just one gen away

>>this is his love letter to Italy, more a praise of the landscape than the warriors 

-Turnus is described as "fairest of them all, and taller by a head than all the others"

>homeric hyperbole

-Camilla arrives

>the equivalent of Penthesilea (queen of the Amazons)

Mezentius

Mezentius is a rejecter of the gods and the most barbaric character in the Aeneid

>he has a nice son who deserves better

>the second mortal villain

>Mezentius (penultimate bad guy) conducts himself similarly to cacus (half ogre and dragon, lots of blood)

>he has devised a new form of torture where he tied men to corpses- Turnus has heads on chariot, Cacus has heads on cave walls

>after the 7 kings (exiled) the romans hate kings

>he is friends with turnus- bad Xenia- Aeneas is being given examples of bad kings

-Theres an army waiting to punish M (prophecy that someone foreign will lead them- Aeneas!)

Camilla

-Camilla is the equivalent of Penthesilea (queen of the Amazons)

>’she is a fairytale figure’

-The catalogues: paid homage to the past to honour the present, had mythological and fairytale references

>the Italians feel diverse and speciall

summarise book 8 of the Aeneid

-Turnus says that many people are joining Aeneas

>the latins ask Diomedes to help but he doesn't show up- nod to the Iliad, he is skirting the territory again

-Aeneas talks to the spirit of the river Tiber (in a dream) who prophecies the city of Rome in Aeneas' descendants' future (motivation)

>says he will see a white sow and thirty piglets which will represent Ascanius forming Alba in 30 years. He does see them and sacrifices them to Juno

(a nostos in some senses)

>encourages him to get allies eg from the Arcadians in Pallanteum

>he reverses the stream 

>’the waves were astonished’ -Nature is astonished at the man made presences of war- the first time Italy has seen war

>Tiber is a great symbol of rome (nationalistic)

-He sees the omen of Tiber (really from Helenus) and sacrifices the sow (31) to Juno, emblem of piety

-Aeneas is portrayed as alert and strategic, looking in all directions

>‘Great tides of grief flowed in his heart’ despite his private suffering he pushes it down to motivate him men- as in Bk 1

>amidst the chaos he is calm- sign of a new hero, Proto-augustan

>‘heartsick at the sadness of war’ a reflection of Virgil- who was a pacifist and focused on the destruction- Aeneas fights not because he wants to but because its necessary

-Aeneas visits Evander, king of the Arcadians to get his help

-Evander tells Aeneas how he met Anchises before and how he was the most impressive Trojan of all

>MANY EXAMPLES OF XENIA (Aeneas holds an olive branch, forgives them for being greks)

>he finds a tenuous genealogical reason for Xenia- both related to Atlas

>the enemy of my enemy is my friend

>Evander met Anchises (they were friends before)- they are strongly bonded- a gift from Anchises has become an heirloom, passed down to Pallas

>They share food

-A story of Hercules is told to liken Aeneas and Heracles

> Aetiological story (explain the origin of something)

>Cacus stole Herc’s 4 bulls and 4 cows

>Herc is overcome by Furor, golden age/homeric response (loss of his geras- prize) and for the first time Cacus was afraid, rips off the top of the mountain (as though exploring the underworld, a katabasis) and tears out his eyes (violent in his rage)

-Evander gives Aeneas a tour of his lands which will later become famous Roman landmarks like the Saturnia citadel (ur-rome)

-Venus approaches Vulcan to make armour for Aeneas

>Book 18 ref with Venus approaching Valcan as Thetis did (classic type scene where goddess approaches Vulcan for item)

>-Usually love is destructive producing furor but here it leads to creation, protection, SHIELDS??

-Evander awakens to bird song and his guards are dogs (idyllic)

-The Eutruscans join Aeneas side of the war, lead by hated of Mezentius who is labelled a tyrant

>rejected Mezentius as king and have been waiting for a foreign leader (per seer)

- Evander tells Aeneas that "you are favoured by the fates. You are the man the gods are asking for" when asked about the leadership of Italy after the war

-Evander sends his son Pallas with Aeneas

>He wishes to die now and happy if Pallas will die eventually 

-Aeneas finally gets embraced/physical satisfaction from Venus

>situations are improving

-Aeneas' new armour depicts scenes of Roman greatness in future events

>depicts Aeneas vomiting fire?

>models roman values (Rom+Rem survival, Mettus fides, Lars Porsena libertas, Cocles and Cloelia fortitudo)

>Actium displays monsters, horrors of war

>third prophecy

>Augustus’ helmet spews fire

Aeneas’ shield

-on the shield Aeneas is depicted vomiting fire- weird, like Cacus, not a clear dichotomy

-THIRD PROPHECY (Jupiter, procession of roman heroes, shield)

>ekphrasis 

-Shield is about modeling roman virtues

>Romulus and Remus- survival- post conflict with Sabines he sacrificed to Jupiter- religious ideals

>Mettus (torn in two for betraying the state) fides 

>Lars Porsena tries to fight rome to get the king reinstated- libertas 

>Cocles and Cloelia are symbols of fortitudo 

>when Gaul try and invade the geese alerted them- idk man

>punishment for lack of loyalty- Catline tried to take over

- A lot of focus on Actium Augustus v Marc Antony+Cleopatra (they had an alliance and fight over Rome)- final moment of the final civil war

>Augustus has his helmet spew fire- problematises our dichotomy of heroes and monsters from a harvard perspective

>seems pious, following gods from home

>he tries to make it look like Rome v East (full of monsters in the Roman imagination) though it was truthfully a civil war

>the boats are as big as islands- on a colossal scale 

>Cleopatra’s death is alluded to- two snakes staring=asp for suicide

>Anubis barking- their Gods are monstrous

>Vulcan depict the greatest moment of Augustus in which he has defeated the sinister enemy of the east HEIGHT OF AUGUSTUS from a positive view (world conqueror)

>post model victory he is very pious-makes alters

>he has depicted races from across the empire and beyond 

-Same image from book two- now hes shouldering the burden of his fate, puts the shield on his back as he puts Anchises on his back (2 looks backward 8 looks forward)

>its the second book of the series, 1 he arrives in Carthage 7 italy, 5+11 funeral games, 6 lots of death +underworld 12 turnus dies

BUT suggests a darker side of the empire

-omission of fratricide

-rape of the sabine women

-Manlius betrays Rome later- thrown from Tarpeian Rock

epyllion

inset narrative

Pallas

-Immediate impression is that Pallas is filled with the vigour of youth, impulsive, excitable

>he threatens to fight all the trojans upon first meeting

>he asks many questions quickly (threatening them- Whats your race)

>parallel of Patroclus

-Pallas is like a morning star- fit

-Evander instructs A to give him war experience and look after him

>but he dies

Aeneas x Hercules

-It is Heracles Day in Palantium when Aeneas arrives

(he saved them from Cacus, inset narrative- Epyllion)

>on this day in the future Augustus will enter Rome victorious

>Heracles, Aeneas and Augustus are linked because they enter Rome

>parallels between mythic past, present, and glorious future

-Aeneas is invited to sit on a lion skin (builds up correspondence)

-Both have trials due to hatred and pursuit of Juno 

-Both Herc and Aeneas sleep in the same humble place (hut), Augustus claims to live in a humble place too

-He tells an Aetiological story (explain the origin of something)

>Cacus stole Herc’s 4 bulls and 4 cows

>Herc is overcome by Furor, golden age/homeric response (loss of his geras- prize) and for the first time Cacus was afraid, rips off the top of the mountain (as though exploring the underworld, a katabasis) and tears out his eyes (violent in his rage)

-Draws out the parallels/correspondences between H A A as saviours of past present and future Rome- suggests their enemies correspond Cacus, Turnus, Mark Anthony- optimistic European view

BUT Cacus’ main weapon is vomiitng fire, Aeneas’ helmet vomits fire BK 10, Augustus is shown on the shield vomiting fire

>and if they do correspond it is i wrath- Aeneas’ furor in killing Turnor- regression to Homeric rage- he does not spare the lowly- maybe A is like H for darker reasons 

BUT maybe it's fine to rage at a monster if Cacus=Turnus, justified Aeneas killing him

FURENS- not controlled

nostos

home coming

Turnus

>Turnus appears pious, recognising the Gods and offering to them as Aeneas did in Bk 8

>Aeneas has become proto Augustan, Turnus will remain Homeric (focused on himself)

>he is motivated by Lavinia (reminds of Homeric heroes fighting over spoils/women- Ach x Briseus, Helen x Paris- γέρας) 

everyone follows him- he is a good hero- and they are amazed by the Trojans fair heartedness 

summarise book 9 of the Aeneid

SUMMARY

>Nisus (older) Euryalus (younger) scheme to bypass the tyrians and go to pallantium

>Reminds of the Doloneia (sleepy book) (Bk 10 slaughter of Dolon- people dont think it should have been a part of the Iliad) 

>it is a stand-alone episode with great intertextuality 

>first half is one last look back into the Homeric past before moving into the Augustan future (or a sign along with Troy’s fall to signal the fall of their standards)

>usually Virgil’s attitude to war is that he doesn't like it but views it as necessary, but why here does he revel in the gory 

Aeneas ‘the greatest of warriors’ 

>in Bk 8 Aeneas has been heading towards Augustan ideals whilst others (Nisus +Eu) regress too

DETAIL

-Juno sends Iris down to Turnus to tell him Aeneas is not in the Trojan camp so he should attack

>Turnus appears pious, recognising the Gods and offering to them as Aeneas did in Bk 8

>Aeneas has become proto Augustan, Turnus will remain Homeric (focused on himself)

>he is motivated by Lavinia (reminds of Homeric heroes fighting over spoils/women- Ach x Briseus, Helen x Paris- γέρας) 

-Aeneas' men obey orders that Aeneas had given to stay in the camp until he returns

>New war fare tactics- previously they fought openly, now they are staying in their walls- Turnus and his Homeric standards will view them as cowards

>they are eschewing Homeric standards

-Turnus goes ahead of his men- homeric, dressed with Golders plumes- everyone follows him- he is a good hero- and they are amazed by the Trojans fair heartedness 

>Turnus in a fury FUROR is compared to a wolf in a sheep pen

>reminds of when Aeneas was compared to a wolf in Bk 2- motivated by furor

-Cybele (mother of Saturn) recounts how she gave the Trojans wood from her own woods so they could build ships and to stop the ships being set alight in the present she transforms them into sea nymphs

>Jupiter asks about whether they should give Aeneas so much help

>when they arrive in Italy they will become nymphs

>Italy’s magical aura is added to

-Though Turnus's men are upset by the divine intervention, Turnus declares that the lack of ships will actually hurt the Trojans.

>he reinterprets the omens for their benefit- claims they are trapped and the Gods wish them to be dead

>he steers into the second Paris stereotype- claims they aim to steal all women

>mocks Greeks for their sneaky strategy - plays into the Homeric image, he fights in the sight of all (uber-homeric)

-Nisus wants to sneak out through the Rutulian camp surrounding the fortress to find Aeneas and get help for the upcoming battle.

>Euryalus thinks it's a great idea and wants to come too. Nisus warns that the attempt might prove fatal, and says young Euryalus's life is more important. Euryalus refuses to budge.

>Stand out moment of familial loyalty- EU’s mother followed him and he cannot bare to see her cry, asking Ascanias to comfort her

-manage to kill several retullians (drunk and asleep)

>homeric heroes are punished- when taking the spoils they are driven by Kleos and Nisus later is moved by love (and thus furor)- same with Camilla (distracted by spoils) and Turnus (who took spoils from Pallas and loves Lavina)

>Nisus compared to a lion in a den of sheep - he has become animalistic- classic Homeric simile, lapsed into Homeric archetype

>Showing the horrors of war (chopping of lolling heads) is taking on a Homeric voice (though may also showing war as unattractive and the errors of their ways)

>Eu kills ‘nameless’ men (he is receiving no glory from this)

>Matches Phaedrus’ view in the symposium, if an army was made of lovers they’d never die or shame themselves- proven wrong 

>Nisus observes Eu is being carried away by blood lust- emphasises how intense it is

>>Homeric virtues are now vices

-However another squad shows up and Euryalus is betrayed by the glimmer of a helmet he stole from an Italian he killed

>struggles to flee because he is weighed down by his booty

-Nisus prays to the moon goddess but she ignores him and when he tries to save himself and Euryalus from the Italians, both are killed.

>Eu compared to a poppy whose head grows heavy in the rain- Priam’s son in Iliad 8 was too compared to a poppy- direct reference- to Gorgythion

>Nisus sends a spear through someone’s head- capacity of war to corrupt rationality

-The lovers both dead on top of each other, overtaken by Homeric desire (potentially for each other eg Pat and Ach) and spoils of war

-Euryalus' mother cries in agony when she finds out her son has died and discourages the Trojan soldiers

>she drops her spindle and runs with no thought for her danger, crying to the heavens and wishing he could have had a few last words

>her words broke the strength of the trojans

>high point of emotion in the Aeneid- ante ora parentum, the effect war has on non combatants highlights the horrors of war

-The Trojans and Italians fight and Ascanius kills a man for the first time. He wants to continue to fight but Apollo tells him he should save his energy as he has already made himself a man

>Remulus mockes Ascanias as effeminite and as women stealing

>Ascanias shows respect for Jupiter, promising consistent sacrifice

>wins his spurs

>Apollo prophecies his fate, bigging up the roman destiny troy is not big enough for you and refers to the pax augusta by stopping all wars

>divine aid tells him not to fight anymore, fathers heir (listens to gods, helped by the gods, prays to the Gods)

>Trojans pious in Aeneas’ absence, making Iulus follow Apollo’s words

-men guarding gates open them (dare retullians to enter kill those who do until) Turnus finds a way into the Trojan camp and kills several men with Juno's aid

>The tortoise formation and scaling ladders are anachronisms done by the retullians

>points to how wars are similar by comparing civil wars to ancient

>When Turnus throws a flaming torch it is furor incarnate (visualises rage)

>Turnus is brutal and animalistic in battle- he is compared to some roman imagery eg like a wolf like the shewolf of RR, problematizes Rome

>Turnus’ aristeia (kills Antiphates, the first guy, Meropes)

-Mnesthus, a Trojan, encourages his friends, telling them to remember Aeneas and Troy. The Trojans manage to stop Turnus's progress.

-Jove sends Iris down to tell Turnus to leave, because Juno can't disobey Jove by continuing to help him. Unable to fight any longer, he escapes by jumping into the Tiber.

who does Turnus kill in his Bk 9 aristeia

antiphates, Meropes, Bitias

Nisus+Euryalus

-N+E are not Augustan heroes- they work in a Homeric passion 

>supposed to go on an Augustan mission but reject it for the sake of Kleos and battle

>youthful deaths- EU’s mother sees his head- war perverts natural horror

>homeric heroes are punished- when taking the spoils they are driven by Kleos and Nisus later is moved by love (and thus furor)- same with Camilla (distracted by spoils) and Turnus (who took spoils from Pallas and loves Lavina)

>>Homeric virtues are now vices

-Eu is attractive and young (before beard appears- eromenos), Nisus Erastes ‘ABOUT DOES EVERY MANS Irresistible desire become his god’ ‘pierced to the heart by a great love of glory’

-Eurya says he would gladly die for glory

summarise book 10 of the Aeneid

OLYMPUS

-Jupiter holds a divine audience and tells Venus and Juno they cannot interfere in the war anymore

>Venus is rome, Juno is Carthage, their time for battle will come

>epic convention (only instance in Aeneid)

-Venus has a speech

>resentful tone- why are the trojans being punished, they did not defy his heavenly rule

>claims it is like another Trojan war, wandering if she will be scratched again as she was in Diomedes’ aresteaia, guilttrips him (Aeneas may as well live in obscurity)

>She implicates Juno, claiming she is moving from storm (sky) to Allecto (earth) and now war (underworld)

-Juno has a Speech

>largely twisting the truth and questing why she cant punish the greeks- lies about ‘niether man nor god compelled Aeneas to choose the ways of war’

>example of controversia

-Aeneas returns with a catalogue of ships

>Virgil’s celebration of Rome- he shoutouts his birthplace

>image from the ancient word of Aeneas steering the ship of the state (image of him as a leader)

>recalls Augustus on shield at Actium (on ship stern, armour glinting)

-A sea nymph that was one of Aeneas' ships tells him that "tomorrow's light will see the field of battle heaped high with Rutulian dead"

>divine aid- nymphs advise him to go faster, tell him whats up at the camp

-Tarchon is a foil for Aeneas- suggests they beach the ships with little thought for consequences, he wishes to do it very quickly where Aeneas wants to build to it slowly

>he is about wild leadership (as A in Bk 2) and his ship is torn apart as a product

-Aeneas' helmet symbolically catches on fire

-Both Aeneas and Turnus rally their men (good leaders)

-Aeneas’ aristeia

>He kills Gyas, Cydan, Pharus

>Venus deflects many spears from him (divine assistance) and Vulcans armour deflects many

-Jaturna provides divine aid to Turnus (sign of an epic hero)

-Turnus singles out Pallas, who is fighting very well, and announces he is his alone to kill. They fight and Turnus kills Pallas.

>hercules watches the fight from heaven and laments he cannot interject to save Pallas

>we begin to lose sympathy for Turnus- he wants Evander to watch his son die + boasts over Pallas’ body

>in new proto augustan mindset to vaunt is not admirable

>ekphrasis (young men slayn on wedding night on the belt that Turnus takes)- dies before he can have sex- before consummation- story of Danaids

-Virgil himself then assures the reader that Turnus will pay for the death of Pallas

-Aeneas finds out Pallas has been killed and goes on a rampage

-Juno fears that turnus will be killed by Aeneas so she draws him away from the battle with an image of Aeneas and then puts him on a ship

>comedy

-Mezentius and Aeneas fight then Mezentius' son (Lausus) joins to save his father

>“My trophy over Aeneas will be my own son” -ref to tropaeum (custom of dressing tree with enemy armour)

-Aeneas kills Lausus but in doing so he feels great pity and sadness as he remembers his father. He honours Lausus by promising kleos

>Pallas and he are of similar ages and wont have homecomings-horrors of youthful death being predicted

>Aeneas vaunts at him before death but upon seeing his pale face he thinks of his father and regrets what he has done

>he emerges from his furor

-Mezentius grieves his dead son and then he and Aeneas fight and Aeneas kills him

>he is overcome with remorse and regret for not dying when he could have and letting his so die in his place

>youthful death can make even the fiercest warrior a wreck

>Mez refers to Aeneas as a ‘savage’- instructive of our view of him

Story of Danaids

BK 10

Worn by Pallas

>ekphrasis (young men slayn on wedding night on the belt that Turnus takes)- dies before he can have sex- before consummation- story of Danaids

>can be read as a condemnation of Turnus’ actions

Lausus

-Lausus is Mezentius’ son 

>Pallas and he are of similar ages and wont have homecomings-horrors of youthful death being predicted

>the men killed are young men- tragedy best exemplified by P+L

>dies in a blood stained tunic woven by his mother- pignant

who is tarchon

 the deputy leader of the Etruscans (have been waiting for a foreign leader)

Aeneas’ aristeia Bk 10

kills Gyas, Cydan, Pharus

summarise book 11 of the Aeneid

DETAILS

-Aeneas dedicates Mezentius' armour to the gods

>Piety conveyed in thinking about his men (burying them) and about the gods (praying to them)

>he makes his sacrifice (the tropaeum) to Mars- this is a Roman practice

-In his speech to his men he encourages them

>tells them not to slow down, tells them there is nothing to fear

>He is crying-not just an automaton

>Pallas looks young and virginal (pale, without hair on chest)- attractive even in death

>Aeneas acknowledges that he has failed

>he imagines Evander sacrificing for the sake of his son, in futility

-Aeneas sends Pallas' body back to Evander with a full military send-off and after much more mourning

>1000 chosen men, build a nice funeral couch, gives him spoils, adds horses and weapons

>young dead men connected to nature, he is like a flower (delicate pretty weak, like Euryalus)

>he is given purple and gold robes from Dido (both died because of Aeneas and he loves them very much)- how much does he care for her if hes giving away her robe

>he and Evander both mourn but acknowledge his success in battle

>indulges in human sacrifices 

-Acoetes lies on the ground in grief (like Aeneas megas megalosti, great in its greatness)

-Pallas’ horse cries (reminds of Achilles’ talking horse)

-Latins sent to negotiate with Aeneas are told by Aeneas that "I did not wage war with your people" as Aeneas looks for peaceful resolution

>Aeneas says he would have offered had they asked while alive

>pax augusta+clementia

>calls Turnus a coward- says they should have fought one on one from the start

-Mass burials

>entire sky is filled with the smoke from their burials (cosmological effect)

>noncombatants grieving, wives and mothers beating their breast and cursing Turnus- Trojans mourn Pallas, Latins mourn husbands and sons

-Evander tells Aeneas that as justice for Pallas' death, he must kill Turnus

>Evander reminiscent of Priam post Hector, throws himself over the body and struggles to speak, wishes to have died in his stead

>the Gods did not protect him (only Aeneas)

>doesnt blame Aeneas

LATINS COUNCIL

-In Italian discussions, Aeneas is mentioned as, along with hector, the reason why it took the Greeks so long to defeat Troy (coming around to his greatness)

-Latinus addresses his people and says the war should end as it shouldn't have even begun. He lays out a plan for peaceful land sharing

-Drances says its a good idea but attacks Turnus (it is because of his fatal recklessness)

>says ‘war will never save us’ and claims he is the sole cause (BUT Juno, and fated to be a war)

>says of Turnus wants kleos he should fight one on one

-Turnus calls Drances a coward

>he is impious, rejecting the gods saying the prophecy is for the trojans and Darcenes

>very homeric!! Calls names offers to fight! Rejects prophecy! v Aeneas being cool (he has just struck camp, proactive, allows truce)

-Latinus leaves the council, unable to convince his people to give up war

CAMILLA

-Turnus has an arming scene (Homeric)

-Diana's maiden Camilla enters the war

>Diana knows that Camilla will die (says she will look after her when shes dead Sarpedon style)- her fate is encroaching

-Camilla kills many Trojans and Virgil addresses her directly "whom first did your spear bring down from his horse? Whom last fierce warrior maiden?"

>referred to as an Amazon, connected to Penthesilea in Homer’s ‘Aethioeis’

>aristeia, kills Demphoon and Chromis

-Jupiter gets involved, motivating Tarchon (he harrangs his men, ‘not so sluggish when it comes to love making’)

>Tarchon puts a man on his horse and attempts to stab him like an eagle carrying a snake

-Camilla (being tracked by Arruns) tracks a man with a lot of gold ‘she tracked him through the whole army, burning with all a woman’s passion for spoils and plunder’

>Arruns prays to Apollo to kill her and return home, but it is not his fate

>virgin dying before her time

-Opis Diana’s nymph is tasked with avenging Camilla (Arruns fled, is a coward, shot her in the back, his men dont care)

Drances

-Drances (BK10( is a sycophant (on the side of the winner)

>let us build your city!!

>he is a coward, jealous, a nobody (like Cicero he is a novus homo)

Quinn ‘right side for the wrong reasons’

-Drances says its a good idea but attacks Turnus (it is because of his fatal recklessness)

>says ‘war will never save us’ and claims he is the sole cause (BUT Juno, and fated to be a war)

>says if Turnus wants kleos he should fight one on one

-Turnus

>says Drances turnus up first for politics but not war (coward), you can talk when youve killed as many as I have

watching from the walls

a teichoscopia (watching from the walls as in men x paris duel)

summarise book 12 of the Aeneid

-Lavinia, Amata and Latinus ask Turnus not to duel Aeneas as he is all they have left but Turnus remains dedicated "his blood or mine shall decide this war"

>”Turnus keeps no man waiting” illeism (third person address) very homeric

>Latinus vascillates (weak king) and advices him not to fight- poor strategy to address a homeric hero

>Amatta also uses illeism- if he doesnt win she will kill herself (suggests intensity of feeling and their intimate bond)

>arnming scene- Turnus also has weaponry made by Vulcan- who is the real hero?

-Aeneas prepares happily for the duel, he tells Iulus that fate has already decided the winner

>Aeneas acts piously, comforting his son, appearing in control

-the trojans and retullians both make sacrifices to the same gods before the duel

-The women and old men and those who dont fight watch from the walls- a teichoscopia

-Juno tells Juturna (Turnus' sister) that she can do little more for her brother- "the day of the fates is upon him"

-Pious Aneas sacrifices a yearling ewe (greek sacrifice) and a breeding sow (roman sacrifice)

>Aeneas prays to Juno (so pious he is unbiased)

>Aeneas promises to be very magnanimous not punishing the Italians and form an everlasting treaty (sparing the lowly)

-Turnus is for the first time described as the young boy he is

>make him seem virginal to fit in with portrayal of men dying before the time(reminds of Pallas’ pallor)

-Jaturna disguises herself as a mortal man (divine assistance) and spreads pity for him amongst the italians who decide not to let him fight one on one ("pitying Turnus and the injustice of his fate")

>encourages the retullians to break the treaty

>she creates a fake portent, generated to mislead the men, many birds attacking a cruel eagle

-Full battle breaks out and both Turnus and Aeneas kill many

>Corynaeus lights Ebysus’ beard on fire

-Aeneas tells his men to calm down (ironic), he is unhelmeted indicating he doesnt mean to fight them

>he gets wounded by an arrow- provides turnus an opportunity for success

-Turnus goes on another aristaeia (killing many)

>Sthenelu, Pholus, Dolon’s son (intertextual)

>He is compared to the God of war

-Venus gives him dittany and ambrosia to heal and become "hungry for battle"

-Aeneas kisses his son and provides him a lesson (learn your courage from me)

-Aeneas and his men running causes the earth to tremble, Jaturna to flee, he is compared to a storm

>Aeneas killed Sucro, murranus, cupencus

-Jaturna throws off Turnus’ charioteer and drives instead to protect him

>she keeps him out of harms way- he is a traditional hero, having divine assistance

-Venus puts it into Aeneas' head to attack the vulnerable city and Aeneas sends some of his army there

-Amata, seeing the city under attack and fearing Turnus is dead, hangs herself and both Lavinia and Latinus grieve

>she takes the guilt and resolves to die, ripping her robes and hanging herself (Jocasta style)

>Latinus takes on Priam’s role

>Lavinia cries and shares in the guilt

-Turnus laments his apparent lack of support in the war- "be gracious to me you gods of the underworld, since the gods above have turned their faces from me"

>appears to finally shake Allecto's curse on him "the shadows lifted from his mind and the light returned"

-Turnus understands his situation- he dismisses his sister and tells her he is fated to die

-Jupiter brings out scales and weighs the lives of Aeneas and Turnus to decide who will die and Jupiter decides Aeneas will win

>Turnus’ sword breaks and he fleas in despair (as Hector did)- Aeneas is saved by his special armour

>compared to a hunting dog and a stag (they run around 5 times, in iliad he dies on the 4th)

>Aeneas throws a spear very hard- heroic- through his thick shield

-Juno finally concedes victory to Aeneas and her only command is that the Roman race speak Latin

>she strikes a deal, they can win and marry but they can no longer be known as trojans (explains inconscientencies in the romans being romans, not engrained in trojan culture or using their name)

-The Dira (A MONSTER is sent to get Juturna to leave and as an omen of Turnus' inevitable death

>tragedy of turnus- focalised through Jaturna, we see her sororal affection

Turnus begs for life or for his body to be given to his father but Aeneas sees Pallas' baldric and kills him- giving into rage

>Turnus is lowly, begging as a suppliant- aware he has brought this on hmself and asks for pity for him or his father (offers to be taken hostage)

-Aeneas’ eyes are rolling with fury

>he considers sparing him (clementia) but caught sight of Pallas’ belt, worn as a battle trophy- overtaken by furens

>the word used to stab Turnus means both sinking sword and founding (like sinking the flag)

>a very pessimistic ending- the roman empire is depicted as built on blood and innocent victim (killing excessive)

examples of furor in the Aeneid

. Bk 1- when Virgil addresses the muse he asks "tell me muse, the causes of her anger...why did she drive a man famous for his piety to such endless hardship and such suffering" talking of Juno's hatred of Aeneas

. Bk 2- Priam denounces Neoptolemus' savage nature of killing and lack of mercy "you pretend that Achilles was your father but this is not how Achilles treated his enemy...he had respect for my rights and... gave me back Hector". Neoptolemus responds with "go to my father and tell him of my wicked deeds...now die"

Bk 9- "If he had thought of letting his comrades in through the gates, that would have been the end of the war and Trojans, but instead his mad lust for blood drove him in an ecstasy of passion" - Turnus making his way through the Trojan camp

. Bk 10- Aeneas shows furor as he kills several Latins after the death of Pallas. He "confronted them in all his fury". "Aeneas was like Aegaeon, who they say had 100 arms and 100 hands with fire flaming from 50 breasts and mouths and 50 was the number of swords he drew"

. Bk 12- Aeneas, when he sees Pallas' baldric on turnus' shoulder, gives into furor by killing Turnus as he begs for consideration. "burning with mad passion and terrible in his wrath...blazing with rage"

examples of the gods (apart from Venus) helping Aeneas

. Bk 1- Neptune calms Aeolus' storm and saves Aeneas and his men from shipwreck "he was calming the swell...Neptune himself lifted them (the ships) out of the sandbanks"

. Bk 7- Jupiter answers Aeneas' prayers when he arrives in Italy with three thunderclaps showing he has his support

. Bk 8- The river Tiber encourages Aeneas by telling his Rome (Alba) is in his and Ascanius' descendants' future

. Bk 9- Cybele says she gladly gave Aeneas the trees he needed to build his fleet from her own sacred woods

. Bk 9- Apollo helps Ascanius by telling him to stop fighting once he kills Numanus- "you have become a man and we salute you. You were born of the gods and will live to be the father of gods. Troy is not large enough for you"

. Bk 12- Jupiter appears to back Aeneas over turnus in their final battle "Aeneas is a god of this land, and he has a right to heaven and is fated to be raised to the stars"

examples of the gods hindering Aeneas

. Bk 1- Juno asks Aeolus to create a storm to sink Aeneas' ships and though he does not succeed, he does hinder their journey as they must stop at Carthage

. Bk 7- Juno enlists Allecto to spread the thirst for war amongst the Italians. She first infects Amata and convinces her not to let her daughter marry Aeneas. Secondly she infects Turnus with the hunger for war and the desire to fight Aeneas for Lavinia's hand. Thirdly she infects Ascanius' hunting dogs so they lead Ascanius to Silvia's deer which he then shoots and angers the Italians

. Bk 7- Latinus refuses to open the gates of war so "the Queen of the Gods came down from the sky and struck the stubborn doors"

. Bk 9- "Mars put new spirit and strength into the Latins"

. Bk 12- desperate not to let her brother die, Juturna gets the Italian army to feel pity for Turnus, being just a boy, so the duel is rejected and full battle commences, stopping any chances for Aeneas to end the war early

examples of piety in the Aeneid

. Bk 1- Aeneas takes the Penates with him from Troy to Rome

. Bk 6- Aeneas sacrifices bulls to Hecate and Prosepina to gain safe entry into the underworld

. bk 8- Aeneas sees the white sow and 30 piglets that he was prophesied to see and sacrifices it to Juno

. Bk 11- Aeneas sets up a mound with Mezentius' armour on it and dedicates it to Mars

. Bk 12- Before the proposed duel between him and Turnus and whilst their armies square up, Aeneas prays to Jupiter, Juno, Mars, the sun, springs and rivers, and all gods and promises if he looses he and his men will leave and never again wage war but if he wins he will not own the Italians but will share the land with them and will not crown himself king

references to imperial legacy and the future glory of Rome in the Aeneid

. Bk 1- Aeneas kills 7 deer, has 7 ships. These are references to the 7 hills of Rome

. Bk 1- Jupiter describes the foundation of Rome/ some of Augustus' reign (closing the gates of war) to Venus when she tells him she is worried for Aeneas

. Bk 2/7/10- (2) Iulus' head catches 'on fire' as a divine sign similar to Servius Tullius, (7) the same happens to Lavinia, (10) the same happens to Aeneas

. Bk 4- reference to the Punic wars (Roman military strength) when Dido curses Aeneas saying "let there be war between the nations (Rome and Carthage) and between their sons forever"

. Bk 6- Anchises tells Aeneas to come to the underworld so he may see the future glory of Rome. He names Romulus, Caesar, Augustus Caesar ("the man who will bring back the golden years to the fields of Latinum and extend Rome's empire...beyond the stars"), the Tarquin kings, Ancus Marcus, Tullus Hostilus, Numa, Brutus.

. Bk 6- Virgil writes in what could be an address to the audience "Your task, Roman, and do not forget it, will be to govern the peoples of the world in your empire."

. Bk 7- there is a prophecy made to the Italians prior to Aeneas arriving- "strangers will come to be your sons-in-law and by their blood raise our name to the stars. The descendants of that stock will see the whole world turning under their feet and guided by their will"

. Bk 8- The river Tiber encourages Aeneas by telling his Rome (Alba) is in his and Ascanius' descendants' future. Shows that 'Rome' has already accepted Aeneas

. Bk 8- Aeneas' armour, made by Vulcan displays; Romulus and the she-wolf, Caesar defeating the Gauls, Augustus defeating Cleopatra and Antony, the defeat of Hannibal

. Bk 9- Apollo tells Ascanius- "You were born of the gods and will live to be the father of gods"

examples of Aeneas as a good leader

. Bk 1- "my friends this is not the first trouble we have known. We have suffered worse before, and this too will pass"- motivational and keeps the crew in good spirits

Bk 1- "Our king was Aeneas. He had no equal for his piety and his care for justice, and no equal in the field of battle" - Aeneas' men describing him to Dido when they think he is dead

Bk 7- Aeneas men speak well of Aeneas, saying he has no equal and is divinely backed when they negotiate on behalf of him to Latinus

references to fate in the Aeneid

. Bk 1- "you will see the city of Lavinium and its promised walls. You will take great-hearted Aeneas up to the stars of heaven"- Jupiter addressing Venus' worries for Aeneas

. Bk 2- when recounted the fall of Troy, Aeneas says "the engine of fate mounted our walls...this was the last day of a doomed people"

. Bk 2- Aeneas references the "cruelty of fate" when discussing Creusa's mysterious death. This is true as Creusa has to be out of the way so Aeneas can marry Lavinia as fate has determined- "there prosperity is waiting for you, and a kingdom and a royal bride" - Creusa to Aeneas

. Bk 4- Jupiter tells Mercury that "she (Venus) told us he (Aeneas) would be the man to rule an Italy pregnant with empire and clamouring for war" before sending Mercury to tell Aeneas to leave Carthage

. Bk 4- "If the fates were leaving me free to live my own life...my first concern would be...my dear people who survive" - Aeneas knows he does not control his destiny and does not fight it "it is not by my own will I search for Italy"

. Bk 7- there is a prophecy made to the Italians prior to Aeneas arriving- "strangers will come to be your sons-in-law and by their blood raise our name to the stars. The descendants of that stock will see the whole world turning under their feet and guided by their will"

. Bk 7- Aeneas' men tell the Latins that "the commands of divine destiny have driven us to seek out your country. This is the land to which Apollo calls us back"

. Bk 7- Juno admits she is not stronger than fate- "I cannot keep him from his kingdom in Latinum: so be it the decree of the fates will stand"

. Bk 8- Evander tells Aeneas that "you are favoured by the fates. You are the man the gods are asking for" when asked about the leadership of Italy after the war

examples of Venus helping Aeneas

. Bk 1- Venus covers Aeneas in a "veil of cloud" as they walk to Carthage so no one can delay them... when he arrives she surrounds him in a glow and makes him more beautiful

. Bk 2- Venus reveals the gods who are bringing down Troy and convinces Aeneas to flee with his family because if he stays he will die.

. Bk 4- bewitches Dido with the help of Cupid to ensure Dido does not betray Aeneas to Juno

. Bk 6- sends doves to guide Aeneas to the golden branch so he can gain entry into the underworld

. Bk 8- Venus appeals to her husband Vulcan to make Aeneas the best armour he can make and he does so once she sleeps with him

. Bk 12- Aeneas gets injured and Venus gives him dittany and ambrosia to heal and become "hungry for battle"

. Bk 12- Venus puts it into Aeneas' head to attack the vulnerable city and Aeneas sends some of his army there, this helps them win against the Latins in the same day

examples of the gods interfering in mortal affairs

Bk 1- "Venus was turning over new schemes in her mind...she decided to send Cupid to Dido to inflame the heart of the queen, driving her to madness and winding the fire of passion round her bones"

Bk 2- the gods' heavy involvement in the Trojan war is referenced "all the gods on whom this empire (Troy) once depended have left their shrines and alters"- Aeneas... "It is Jupiter himself who is rousing the gods against the armies of Troy"- Venus revealing the other gods to Aeneas

Bk 9/11 - As Turnus makes his way through the Trojan camp in Bk 9, Juno deflects all spears thrown at him. As Aeneas fights in Bk 11, Venus deflects all spears thrown at him

Bk 10- Jupiter tries to stop the gods interfering in the war by saying in a divine assembly "this day let each man face his own fortune and set his course by his own hopes"

Bk 11- "whoever violates that sacred body with a wound, must pay to me an equal penalty in blood"- Diana on Camilla

Bk 11- Apollo guides the spear of Arruns to kill Camilla

Bk 12- desperate not to let her brother die, Juturna gets the Italian army to feel pity for Turnus, being just a boy, so the duel is rejected and full battle commences- allowing Turnus to live for a few pages more

Bk 12- lack of divine support is also significant in determining events. . Turnus laments his apparent lack of support in the war- "be gracious to me you gods of the underworld, since the gods above have turned their faces from me"

Bk 12- the Dira's (sent by Jupiter) effect on Turnus- "wherever his courage sought a way, the dread goddess barred his way... he faltered with fear"

Number 2

"A second Achilles" - 6.89

Pretty

"The handsomest of them all" - 7.57

Allecto

"She threw a burning torch at the warrior and it lodged deep in his heart, smoking with black light." - 7.458

Furor

"In a frenzy of rage he roared for his armour. [...] The lust for battle raged within him, the criminal madness of war and, above all, anger." - 7.460

"The violent passions of Turnus" - 10.152

"Was raging and storming and creating havoc" - 9.693

"His mad lust for blood drove him upon his enemies in an ecstasy of passion." - 9.760

"His mind was boiling with rage." - 9.799

Leader

"Turnus gave orders to the leaders of his army to march to king Latinus, to prepare of war, to defend Italy and thrust the enemy out of its borders." - 7.467

"Turnus, the chief commander," - 9.29

Why did they follow / obey him?

"Some of them inspired by the rare grace of his youthful beauty, some by the long line of kings that were his ancestors, some by his brilliant feats of arms." - 473

Oh dear...

"You are the guilty one, Turnus, and a grim punishment lies in store for you." - 596

What lovely friends!

"He even devised a form of torture whereby living men were roped to dead bodies, tying them hand to hand and face to face to die a lingering death oozing with putrefying flesh in this cruel embrace." - 8.486

George E. Duckworth - The Significance of Nisus and Euryalus for Aeneid IX-XII

"Turnus is characterised throughout by furor, violentia, and ira"

Bold

"But the bold confidence of Turnus never wavered as he quickly took up position on the shore to repel the landing." - 10.276

"But the boldness and confidence of Turnus never wavered." - 9.126

Does it hun ??

"Fortune favours the bold." - 10.284

Wants Pallas all to himself

"I am the only one who attacks Pallas. Pallas is mine, and mine alone. I wish his father were here to see it." - 10.443

Roar

"Like a lion" - 10.455

Too has a destiny // a victim of?

"Turnus too is called by his own destiny and has reached the limits of the time he has been given." - 10.472

"Although he is innocent, a cruel death is waiting for him," - 10.630

Will live (?) to regret this

"The time will come when Turnus would gladly pay, and pay richly, to see Pallas alive and unharmed. He will bitterly regret this spoil and the day he took it." - 10.502

Thanks a lot (!)

"Thanking no one for his safety," - 10.666

"Have you decided that I deserve this disgrace?" - 10.668

"Three times he tried each way, and three times mighty Juno held him back." - 10.684

Latins = not happy with him - blame

"all cursing this deadly war and Turnus' marriage; he was the man who should be deciding this matter with his own sword and shield since he was the man who was claiming the kingdom of Italy and the highest honours for himself." - 11.215

"Why do you keep throwing your unfortunate fellow-citizens into the jaws of danger, Turnus, you who are the single source and cause of all these sufferings of Latium?" - 11.360

Mate ... I ain't lost yet bru, did u c me out there bruh???

"Who can say I am defeated when he sees the Thybris rising, swollen with Trojan blood, the house of Evander destroyed root and branch and the arcadians stripped of their arms?" - 11.391

I haven't got a very high opinion of myself

"Second in courage to none of those who have gone before me" - 11.442

You guys just have a nice sit down and a cuppo' tea, I'll just go get the biscuits

"Convene your council and sit there praising peace while your enemies invade your kingdom with swords in their hands." - 11.460

"These were his only words to them as he leapt to his feet and rushed from the lofty palace" - 11.462

Prep for battle

"Turnus was in a fury and arming himself for battle," - 11.487

Grateful to Camilla

"I cannot hope to express my gratitude in words or deeds." - 11.510

Military commander / strategist

"I am planning an ambush where there is a sunken path through a wood." - 11.515

Left strong position

"In a frenzy - and this is what the implacable will of Jupiter decreed - he came down from the hills where he had kept his ambush and left the wild woods behind him." - 11.902

Firery

"Burning with fury himself he demanded fire from his exultant comrades and took up a great blazing pine torch in his hand." - 9.74

"Such was the blazing fury that drove him on. Sparks flew from his whole face and his piercing eyes flashed fire." - 12.101

Dismissive of fate

"This Phrygian talk of destiny and the oracles of the gods does not dismay me. [...] I too have a destiny, of a different sort -" - 9.135

Deaths

"A wave of frothing blood welled out of the black hole of the wound, and the steel grew warm where it had lodged in the lung." - 9.700

"The blade went straight through the middle of the forehead and parted the smooth, young cheeks. The wound was hideous." - 9.750

Juno looking after Turnus

"Juno deflected it" - 9.745

"With Juno lending him strength and spirit," - 9.763

Okay then, I guess this is it

"When he realized that the time had come to honour his promises and that all eyes were upon him, no more was needed." - 12.2

Kleos > life

"Allow me to barter my life for glory." - 12.49

Special too

"The God of Fire himself had made the sword for Turnus' father Daunus, dipping it white-hot in the waters of the styx." - 12.90

Unfair

"But now I see he is confronting a destiny to which he is not equal. The day of the Fates and the violence of his enemy are upon him." - 12.149

Weak

"Their fears were increased by the sight of Turnus stepping forward quietly with downcast eyes to worship at the altar like a suppliant. His cheeks were like a boy's and there was a pallor over all his youthful body." - 12.220

Killing

"Then many a brave hero he sent down to death as he flew along," - 12.329

"Then, cutting off both their heads, he hung them from his chariot and carried them along with him, dripping their dew of blood." - 12.513

Wowza

"Just as Mars, spattered with blood, charges along" - 12.333

"As he trampled the pitiable bodies of his dead enemies, the flying hooves scattered a dew of blood and churned the gore into the sand." - 12.339

= Aeneas

"Now if ever did the anger seethe within them; now burst their unconquerable hearts and every wound they gave, they gave with all their might." - 12.527

No choice

"Shall I stand by and see our homes destroyed?" - 12.643"Is it so bad a thing to die?" - 12.647

Accepting fate

"The Fates are too strong. You must not delay them any longer. Let us go where God and cruel Fortune call me." - 12.675

"I am resolved to suffer what bitterness there is in death." - 12.678

Forgot his sword

"But when it met the divine armour made by Vulcan, the mortal blade was brittle as an icicle and shattered on impact," - 12.739

All about him

"What they were competing for was the lifeblood of Turnus." - 12.767

Approaching the end

"Wild now with fear," - 12.775

"He faltered with fear. He began to tremble at the death that was upon him." - 12.918

Gods > Aeneas

"You are fierce Aeneas, but wild words do not frighten me. It is the gods that cause me to fear, the gods and the enmity of Jupiter." - 12.895

Pathos

"He lowered his eyes and stretched out his right hand to beg as a suppliant." - 12.930

Aeneas is brave

fighting for Cassandra Bk 2, willing to fight monsters Bk 6, faces cerberus Bk 6, fights Bk 12

Aeneas Loyalty to the gods

-Penates

-Sacrificing first when arriving to new places (eg at the Sybil his men move to colonising, he performs proper rituals)

-Following divine orders 

>Venus commanding him to leave Troy (does eventually)

>Merc commanded Dido to leave and he did

>>was hard for him, shows commitment

>Tiber (sacrifices to him in thanks)

>Aeneas sacrifices the sow to Juno, piety

>Post table eating Aeneas sacrifices and honours his father- pious

-When he follows commands things work out- though piety isnt always respedcted his persistence and commitment to convention is admirable

>NOT PUNISHEZS LIKED ODY

Best examples of Aeneid as propaganda

-Jupiter's prophecy (imperium sine fine, shutting gates of war), the shield (battle of Actium, fortitudo fides pietas), the parade of Augustan heroes (Julius Caesar, and Augustus)

>they focus on how great Rome is

-Parallels between Augustus, Aeneas (Hercules)

>Aeneas is great and implicitly compared to Augustus, so he is great

• From a European point of view they slay a monster who deserves it (Hercules day)

• Sleeping in a humble shed

• Of the same lineage (Venus and Anchises/Aeneas)

-Pietas is central to Augustus’ political ideology

• Leaving Carthage when ordered

• Image of 3 gen leaving Troy

• Sacrificing to Juno

• Takes Penates

Fathers and sons

ANTE ORA PARENTUM

Ante Ora Parentum- Virgil trope, in warfare old men bury young, often before the faces of their parents to hammer home the horrors and

-Father son relationships emphasise Aeneas’ virtue and Augustinian value

>Aeneas and Ancises/Ascanias 

-Tragedy and perversity of war

>Polites, Laocoon, Εvander

Aeneas and Ancises 

>image of pietas (on Ae’s back holding Asc) past present and future shown emphasising the importance of the Roman family unit

>civil war has caused a population deficit and the image encourages family- Augustan propoganda

>BK 6 Ae undertakes a katabasis and tries to hug his father conveys his love and respect)

Ascanias and Aeneas 

>BK 1 Ae thinks of his son, ‘no rest’, there is a closeness, emphasises pietas (parental duty as a form)

>BK 2 handheld 

Polites and Priam 

>ante ora parentum reflects the tragedy and perversity of war

Augustan experience with civil war

Neoptolimus and Achilles

>BK 2 Neo doesn’t act according to his father’s values 

>Neptolimus is a development on his father (new war), emphasises how awful the Greeks are (a focus of BK 2)

Laocoon and his sons

>BK 2 image of parental love and pietas when he defends his sons

>young dying is unnatural

Lausus and Mazentius

>BK 10 his son dies in a civil war and he is distressed despite evilness

Pallas and Aeneas/Evander

>(Pallas is his ward)

>Evander laments what war does to families

GODS HINDERANCE or HELP

HELP

-Venus:

omens, mist to protect, prophecies the ship wrecked, provides directions, sends Cupid, removes mortal blindness, protects him on the way home, instructs him to go back

>minor aid, step by step

-Jupiter:

prophecies, promises to safeguard fate, omen

>helps on a macro level by ensuring Juno cannot destroy Aeneas or the roman race, gives them an ‘imperium sine fine’ 

-Neptune calms Juno and the storm

-Tiber reverses its flow

-Mercury

>BK 4 chivvys Aeneas

-Vulcan

>BK 8 Vulcan makes the shield with the future of rome

>gives him weapons for battles (micro) and inspires him (macro)

HINDERANCE

-Juno:

>rallies Aeolus, storm, her HATE IS A PRODUCT OF LOVE FOR CARTHAGE and hate for Trojans, makes Dido extra in love for chaos (knows it can only be temprary), proem features it

>BUT often nullified by venus, none of his men die in the storm, sends Mercury to chivvy him

-All Gods destroy Troy

-Athena:

>BK2 snakes cower in her shrine

-Failure of pietas

>Hecuba and daughters at alter, Pentheus grabs Penates, freeze shows Athena shunning women, Laocoon

DUALITY OF AENEAS

Homeric 

-Kleos:

Arming scenes

-Selfish:

Helen, wishes to have the kleos for himself

-Rage:

missing his wife leads to rage, hates Helen, wolf simile

-fights:

 who could speak of such slaughter

-wishes to die in battle

-strong speech to men

-held back by Athene

Augustan

-Pious to the God:

doesn’t touch penates with bloody hands, listens to Venus directly and the omens of Jupiter

-Pious to family:

Willing to die for father, his love allows him no rest, patriarchal image as he leaves Troy, goes back to try and find his wife

-Pious to homeland:

leads people to mountains, gives orders to slaves, selfless

(pietas, fides, fortitudo)

-it is complicated, they mix and overlap, Augustan warfare is about killing the proud and sparing the lonely

Tragedies of the Aeneid

DIDO

-It is technically a tragedy, following Greek conventions

-Loss of a great leader

-Not the product of her actions

>Juno (who she is devoted to) doesnt care about her

-Aeneas finding love is ruined

THE FALL OF TROY

BUT Aeneas’s actions are necessary for fulfilling his destiny

>Virgil may be illustrating how the demands of fate can be morally and emotionally bruta

>In this sense, Aeneas’s role in Dido’s decline reflects the larger tension between personal desires and the greater good that runs through the epic.

DESTRUCTION OF WAR

-ante Orum parentes 

>the deaths of characters like Pallas, the destruction of Turnus, and the relentless push of fate that drives Aeneas to sacrifice his personal happiness for Rome’s future all contribute to the epic's tragic atmosphere.

-Some readers might argue that the Aeneid is a tragedy of pietas in general—where every victory or fulfillment of duty requires the sacrifice of something personal, and no character escapes without suffering.

TROJAN JOURNEY

-Its hard eg storm

‘WOMEN ARE UNSTABLE CREATURES’ ALWAYS CHANGING’

-oversimplifies characterisation

-Dido initial strength and stability, capable leader, vow of chastity,

>her change isn’t self driven but divinely manipulated, though his departure triggered despair that may be self induced it was a product of the depth of her emotional connection (doesnt matter if married)

>THUS she is shown to change but it is not suggested to be a facette of her character- it is driven by divine manipulation and normal human betrayal 

-Book 5 ship burning influenced by Juno and iris to force men to stay- divine intervention, and though may seem rash were also fuelled by circumstance 

-Amata consumed with opposition to Aeneas x Lavinia (irrational as it is fated) amplified by divine interference, commits suicide upon his victory (foil for Dido?)

>more closely aligns, has influence of divine forces, but in her case instability present

-Mercury speech ‘women are unstable creatures

•  Divine intervention 

• Scathing tone

• Women are seen as impediments to the roman project (Juno, Dido, Creusa must die, Trojan women BK 5 tries to burn down ships, Anna encouraged Dido, Camilla, Amata- Lavinia’s mother)

• Women argued by Virgil to be fickle 

Women disposable but not a testament to their character.                      

BUT

-Creusa is in many ways an emblem of security- urges Aeneas to think of his son and not throw away his life, ghost Creusa very calm

-Lavinia too is largely passive- only blushing

>paragons of understanding 

-IN FACT Aeneas shows greater instability- where Dido is strict to her convictions he is torn between deep love and sense of duty, his decision is abrupt- in final battle he is consumed by rage

and DIVINE women eg Juno the embodiment of rage appears fairly unstable 

HOW IMPORTANT A PART DOES THE KATABASIS PLAY IN VIRGILS ACCOUNT OF HIS HEROES WANDERINGS (up to Bk 7)

-How important is it in his character development/shaping his character as he approaches the glory of Rome

-The underword

>emotional recurring- encountering past trauma (Dido, victims of Troy, victims of journey Palinarus and men from Bk 1, Anchises) to help him realise he can’t change the past and must move into the future 

>seeing the future of Rome- receives greater motivation to yield to his fate/ carry the Roman project (Augustus, Future descendants, Marcellus)

>seeing wicked people be punished for unroman vices- encourages Aeneas to pursue his pietàs further (brothers killing brothers, a tyrant selling laws, incest)

BUT

-Fall of Troy is crucial to development

(No underworld isn’t)

>moving from Homeric heroism to Augustan model (Furor puts on armour - wolf similise -Helen, moves towards pietàs -picking up farther -respects penates -follows omens -guides people to safety)

>Creusa’s death- he learns to leave stuff behind (also narrative function- can marry Lavinia)

-Dido is crucial to development

(No Troy isn’t) 

>teaches that fate is more important than love (has to leave, upset to see her spirit, gods rule him as their puppet)

>inspired to make a city- ‘their walls are already rising’

>learns to quell emotions (get married to Lavinia)

BOOK 6 CONTAINS EVERYTHING THAT MAKES THE AENEID SUCCESSFUL

one yes Bk6

>Augustan values/prophecy of Rome 

• Tartarus with sinners- men who beat their fathers

• Procession of descendants (republican heroes)

>Turning point for Aeneas’ character

• Seeing the dead helps him move on

• Seeing the future provides him with motivation (v wishing he was dead and cunctantem)

>katabasis/vision of the underworld

• Description of the underworld (contrast between Tartarus and Elysium)

>sorrow of loss

• Deiphobus

• Dido

• Anchises

one Bk2

>Transition from homeric to augustan

>Laocoon

>Death of Priam 

one Bk4

>Tragedy of Dido

>GT refs

>Mercury’s flight around atlas (purple passage)

one later wars

>tragedy of war/body count

>final duel with Turnus

Why does Lavinia play such a little part?

BIG PART 

-everything hinges on her

-she is a vessel/vehicle of fate

-though she takes limited action herself her presence is important

>this miracle

>causes war

>future wife of Aeneas (reason Creusa and Dido died)

BUT BIG PART SYMBOLICALLY

-she is the model roman woman 

>dont hinder the roman project  (Camilla, Amata, Dido)

>religious ceremonies

>roman women silent passive (blush)

>doesnt take part in affairs of state (those who do are destroyed)

BUT SMALL PART

-she is simply a contrast to Dido 

-should be limited

>illiadic part- Turnus war is the business of men

-Futility of war

>they’re all dying over a woman who does nothing

>vehicle for demonstrating warfare’s emptiness

VIRGIL’S FEMALE CHARACTERS RECEIVE ALL THE MOST INTERESTING AND POWERFUL IMAGERY

YES

women get all the most dramatic imagery but only surrounding furor

Doe+Top 

Bacchant for A+D (effective by tying into theme of furor)

Camilla

Allecto, encapsulation of furor

Dido

-Doe, wounded in her side (wondering through the city, stricken like a dear)

-Like a bacchant 

-Fire imagery n(burning in her passion)

-Imagery of madness (clinging to sofa)

Amata

-Spinning top, uncontrollable, destructive force, motivated by rage

-Like a bacchant

Camilla

-The image of female soldier- inherently transgressive and powerful

-Likened to a goddess

-Fairytale description of her being able to run over water 

Allecto (goddess of furor)

-Monstrous form > she throws a snake from her hair who becomes a necklace 

Juno

-Storm (see earth opening, waves as high as stars)

NO

Lavinia

-Dull, all she does is blush

-Even when her hair is on fire she isn’t the focus

Creusa 

-Aeneas forgets her in Troy, and in the narrative

(-BUT Ethereality of her ghost’s return)

BECAUSE they symbolise pietas and the ideal where passivity and offspring is the focus

Images of pietas

-Family unit, Anchises on back

-More attractive because of venus in Carthage 

BUT Mostly Aeneas is dull, bland, faceless

Pietas in general does not lend itself to interesting imagery

-Turnus as a teapot and as furor

-Hercules and Cacus (furor fire memorable)

-Neoptolemus murders Priam on the alter

>it is not the gender that is key but rather the presence of furor 

(Women images good, not good, men not good, pietas boring, furor more important) 

OTHER THINGS

eg purple passage

Quinn on heroism

 “There are situations…where I think we are meant to feel that the heroic is not necessarily the nobler ideal”

-Virgil views heroic, selfsacrificing ideals as not the best

>Priam, Dido, Turnus did not necessarily have to die, and could have avoided it if they had been less heroic-minded

BUT Priam was fairly doomed

BUT Nisus and Euryalus

>urge to kill an element of heroism, depicted as unattractive

\“The episodes are designed to stress the inadequacy of the hero’s code”. 

Quinn on killing

“it is to the hero of the poem, to Aeneas, that Virgil ascribes the urge to kill in it ugliest form…Aeneas has surrendered to an impulse that disgraces his humanity”. 

>part of Virgil’s critique of the heroic ideal

>the urge to kill is part of the heroic urge

>Virgil shows the unpleasantness of this urge, for example in Aeneas’ rampage in Book 10 or his violent reactions to events in Book 2 or his angry desire to attack the city in Book 12:

Quinn on Augustus (he wanted)

“an epic poem with himself as the hero”.

“serious attempt to justify Augustus’ conduct of the civil war”.

(He points out that in Carthage Aeneas doesn’t have to be seen as a Mark Antony figure; Julius Caesar had also had an affair with Cleopatra, but unlike Antony, and more like Aeneas, he had ended the affair and gone back to Rome. )

Quinn on Homer

“to write a poem which, though modelled on Homer, was essentially different…Virgil’s characters and situations keep reminding us of Homeric characters and situations and then revealing themselves as different”

BUT some drawn on homeric lines (Pattie)