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Outbreak
A sudden increase in the occurrence of a disease in a localized area
Epidemiologist
Investigates the causes and patterns of disease and injury
Sporadic disease
Occurs infrequently and irregularly
Epidemic
A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a population
Endemic disease
A disease perpetually present in a community or population within a specific geographical area
Pandemic
An epidemic that has spread across several countries or continents and affects a large number of people
Nosocomial infection
An infection acquired at the hospital
Agents of Disease
The types of organisms that cause diseases
Host
The organism which another organism uses to its advantage
Pathogens
Disease-causing organisms
Microbes
Microscopic agents
Normal flora (normal microbiota)
Bacteria that live inside our bodies
Antigen
Anything that stimulates an immune response
T-cells
White blood cells involved in immune response
B-cells
Lymphocytes that produce antibodies
Antibodies
Proteins produced by B cells to impair pathogens
Memory cells
T-cells that remember pathogens for future responses
Innate immunity
Immunity you are born with
Acquired immunity
Specific immune defense systems acquired over a lifetime
Vaccine
Stimulates an immune response to provide immunity to a specific infection
Herd immunity
Immunity in a population when most individuals are vaccinated
R0
A variable measuring how infectious an agent of disease is
Etiology
The cause of a disease or condition
Pure cultures
Generated from a single organism, essentially all clones of each other
Petri Plates
Plates used in microbiology where condensation can be controlled by placing them upside down.
Bacterial Colonies
Aggregations of bacteria growing on solid media, categorized by size and shape.
Gram Staining
A differential staining technique to classify bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative based on cell wall properties.
Peptidoglycan Layer
A component of the bacterial cell wall made of sugars and amino acids.
Gram-positive Bacteria
Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan layer that retains the crystal violet dye in Gram staining.
Gram-negative Bacteria
Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer that lose the crystal violet dye in Gram staining.
Antibiotics
Drugs effective against bacterial infections by targeting specific bacterial structures or functions.
Decolorization
Process in Gram staining where gram-negative bacteria lose color while gram-positive bacteria retain the dye.
Peer-reviewed Journal Articles
Academic articles reviewed by experts in the field before publication.
Morbidity
The presence of disease or symptoms within a population.
Mortality
The number of deaths within a specific group of people over a defined period.
Podcast
An audio program discussing various topics or stories for listeners.
Prions
damage proteins in the brain
Viruses
Infect cells and use them to create more viral cells
Bacteria
invade cells, cause tissue damage, and produce harmful toxins.
Protists
infect the digestive tract, blood, or organs of the body depriving a host of essential nutrients found in the food. They can also cause tissue and organ damage
Fungi
cause tissue damage
Helminths
deprive their hosts of essential nutrients found in food and can cause tissue and organ damage.
Direct contact
involves physical touch with an infected individual.
Indirect Contact
includes inhaling infected particles
Infectious Dose
The number of organisms it takes to cause illness following exposure
Acquired active immunity
acquired following infection and recovery. Your body makes antibodies
Acquired passive immunity
acquired from your mother
microbiologist
studies the growth, structure, and development of microorganism
Pure Cultures
generated from a single organism, they are essentially all clones of each other.
Binary Fission
a process that creates clones of the same bacteria.
Aseptic Techniques
prevent contamination by separating the contaminants and taking precautions such as wearing safety gear and disinfecting surfaces.
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